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Analysis of CDC Chronic Disease Indicators US compared with Georgia

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Daniel Fullerton
Daniel Fullerton

Applied Statistics final project using SAS to complete an epidemiology analysis of CDC Chronic Disease Indicators in US compared with the state of Georgia. Note, we are not very healthy in the state of Georgia.

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D. Fullerton STAT 3010.W01 Final Project 07/19/09
STAT 3010.W01 Final Project: Analysis of Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia for Year 2005 The aim of this report is to discuss the results of a statistical analysis of Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia for the year 2005 made by the Center for Disease Control. The points covered in the analysis of data were: 1) Determine descriptive statistics and describe the distributions of variables of the data set, 2) Compare chronic disease indicator rates between the United States and Georgia separately for each of five categories, and 3) Create a random 20 item sample from the dataset, then estimate the Chronic Disease Indicator rate in the United States and Georgia using a 95% and 99% confidence interval, then determine whether or not the population mean rate for all 50 initial data were captured by the estimated confidence intervals. SAS 9.1.3 SP4 and graphics from SAS and Minitab 15 were the applications used in this analysis. The particular dataset was chosen due relation to healthcare, size, and complexion of data. The five variables (three catagorical and two quantitative) of the Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia for Year 2005 were obtained by filtering a data set from the Center for Disease Control website (http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/cdi/Default.aspx). A comparison was selected between the United States and Georgia. The data and definitions were originally developed by The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists with epidemiologists and chronic disease program directors at the state and federal level, were refined between 1999 and 2002, then a survey was made for 2005. This data has proved useful in Georgia to develop a database of the indicators by 19 health districts available via the internet. As well, the Division of Diabetes Translation at Center for Disease Control uses the data to assist diabetes programs with their surveillance and epidemiological activities. Table 1 shows a short selection of the data, and variable names used in Table 1 are described in Table 2. There are 50 datapoints from the year 2005, and the six other datapoints from different years were trimmed from the data set before analysis. Therefore, results and analysis is only valid for the year 2005. The occurrences per 100,000 people of the United States, and Georgia, by Chronic Disease Indicator category are assessed. The assessment of the quantitative and categorical variables shows the following. Table 3 shows the descriptive statistics for Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia both have a significant difference between the mean and median. Figures 1 and 2 clearly show that the distribution of occurrences for the United States, and for Georgia, are both unimodal, and positively skewed. Figures 3 and 4 further demonstrate this trend. Although drasticly skewed, no outliers are shown. The most representative measure of central tendency is the median, 25.95 for the United States, and 25.90 for Georgia. Table 4 shows the frequency of each occurrence by category. Cancer swallows up the data at 36 occurrences (out of 50), this mode is over four times that of the next leading indicator, Cardiovascular Disease. Figures 5 and 6 reinforce this, however, it is notable that cancer has a broader range of results,and is skewed, but Cardiovascular Disease has a more even distribution. A new categorical variable was created for the occurrences in the United States and Georgia based on size. The occurrences were broken up into chunks of size 150. The Contingency Table 5 shows that Cancer statistics for the United States are mostly returned in the X-Small range, meaning that most of the 32 data points in this category were less than 150 occurrences.
Occurrences for Georgia differ in that some results fall into the Medium range, and 50% of the Cardiovascular results are from the X-Small category. The categorical indicator is also show in Figures 7 through 10. They stress again that Cancer is the leading indicator, by far, at over 75% overall. Figure 7 clumps the smallest three indicators into one category, Other. The breakdowns of cause by either United States, or Georgia, continue to stress the facts that Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease are the factors that beg further study. Tables 11 and 12 again show the breakdown of occurrences by the newly created variable, size. Each show that most occurrences for both the United States, and for Georgia, fall into the X- Small category, at a frequency of nearly 40% in each. Tables 13 and 14 show the category of incidence by size on stacked bar charts for the United States and Georgia. Cancer results in the United States fit mostly the X-small category, and Cardiovascular fit the Small category. The results in Geogia show that X-Small leads in all categories, and is the vast majority of the Cancer indicator. Finally, a random sample was produced in SAS of 20 data points. Both the 95 and 99% confidence intervals captured the true sample means with the United States between 38.69 and 200.55 (95%), and 9.00 and 230.24 (99%), where the true mean is 102.33, and Georgia between 35.69 and 210.84 (95%), and 3.56 and 242.97 (99%), where the true mean is 100.37
APPENDIX I: SAS TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1: Abbreviated Display of the Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia for Year 2005 Obs CATEGORY INDICATOR YEAR MEASURE UNITED_STATES GEORGIA 1 Tobacco and Alcohol Chronic liver disease - mortality 2005 Crude Rate 9.3 7.5 2 Tobacco and Alcohol Chronic liver disease - mortality 2005 Age-adjusted 8.9 8.1 Rate 3 Cancer Invasive cancer (all sites combined) - 2005 Crude Rate 469.8 402.6 incidence 4 Cancer Invasive cancer (all sites combined) - 2005 Age-adjusted 458.4 452.0 incidence Rate 5 Cancer Cancer (all sites combined) - mortality 2005 Crude Rate 188.6 157.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Overarching Conditions Premature mortality among adults aged 2005 Age-adjusted 618.6 711.1 45-64 years Rate 49 Other Diseases and Risk Asthma - mortality 2005 Crude Rate 1.3 1.3 Factors 50 Other Diseases and Risk Asthma - mortality 2005 Age-adjusted 1.3 1.5 Factors Rate NOTE: The data for other years were minimal and thus eliminated from this data set (the numeration Obs was added automatically by SAS).
Table 2: Summary of Variables Contained in Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia for Year 2005 Measurement Variable Name Label General Type Specific Type Units Observation Obs Categorical Identifier Variable N/A number CATEGORY Disease category Categorical Nominal N/A INDICATOR Disease indicator Categorical Nominal N/A Survey year YEAR Categorical Nominal N/A (only 2005 used) Crude or Age MEASURE Categorical Nominal N/A adjusted rate Number of instances per UNITED_STATES - Quantitative Interval/Ratio 100,000 persons* Number of instances per GEORGIA - Quantitative Interval/Ratio 100,000 persons* * standardized by the direct method to the year 2000 standard U.S. population based on single years of age from the Census P25-1130 series estimates
Table 3: Descriptive Statistics of Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia for Year 2005 Variable N Mean Median Std Dev Range Minimum Maximum UNITED_STATES 50 102.23 25.95 153.70 628.60 1.30 629.90 GEORGIA 50 100.37 25.90 163.10 719.70 1.30 721.00 Table 4: Frequency Table of Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators by Category CATEGORY Cumulative Cumulative CATEGORY Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Cancer 36 72.00 36 72.00 Cardiovascular Disease 8 16.00 44 88.00 Other Diseases and Risk Factors 2 4.00 46 92.00 Overarching Conditions 2 4.00 48 96.00 Tobacco and Alcohol 2 4.00 50 100.00
Figure 1: Histogram of Occurrences United States (per 100,000 people) 70 60 50 P 40 e r c e n t 30 20 10 0 0 120 240 360 480 600 UNITED STATES Figure 2: Histogram of Occurrences Georgia (per 100,000 people) 70 60 50 P 40 e r c e n t 30 20 10 0 0 120 240 360 480 600 720 GEORGIA
Figure 3: Box Plot of Occurrences United States (year 2005 per 100,000 people) 800 600 U N I T E D 400 S T A T E S 200 0 2005 YEAR Figure 4: Box Plot of Occurrences Georgia (year 2005 per 100,000 people) 800 600 G E O R 400 G I A 200 0 2005 YEAR
Figure 5: Side by Side Box Plot of Occurrences United States (per 100,000 people) 800 600 U N I T E D 400 S T A T E S 200 0 Cancer Tobacco and Alcohol CATEGORY Figure 6: Side by Side Box Plot of Occurrences Georgia (per 100,000 people) 800 600 G E O R 400 G I A 200 0 Cancer Tobacco and Alcohol CATEGORY
Table 5: Contingency Table Category of Occurrences by United States Size CATEGORY(CATEGORY) US_SIZE Frequency Percent Row Pct Col Pct Large Small X-Large X-Small Total Cancer 2 2 0 32 36 4.00 4.00 0.00 64.00 72.00 5.56 5.56 0.00 88.89 100.00 25.00 0.00 84.21 Cardiovascular Disease 0 6 0 2 8 0.00 12.00 0.00 4.00 16.00 0.00 75.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 75.00 0.00 5.26 Other Diseases and Risk Factors 0 0 0 2 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.26 Overarching Conditions 0 0 2 0 2 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 Tobacco and Alcohol 0 0 0 2 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.26 Total 2 8 2 38 50 4.00 16.00 4.00 76.00 100.00
Table 6: Contingency Table Category of Occurrences by Georgia Size CATEGORY(CATEGORY) GA_SIZE Frequency Percent Row Pct Col Pct Large Medium Small X-Large X-Small Total Cancer 1 1 3 0 31 36 2.00 2.00 6.00 0.00 62.00 72.00 2.78 2.78 8.33 0.00 86.11 100.00 50.00 50.00 0.00 79.49 Cardiovascular Disease 0 1 3 0 4 8 0.00 2.00 6.00 0.00 8.00 16.00 0.00 12.50 37.50 0.00 50.00 0.00 50.00 50.00 0.00 10.26 Other Diseases and Risk Factors 0 0 0 0 2 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.13 Overarching Conditions 0 0 0 2 0 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 Tobacco and Alcohol 0 0 0 0 2 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.13 Total 1 2 6 2 39 50 2.00 4.00 12.00 4.00 78.00 100.00
Figure 7: Pie Chart Category of Occurrences (per 100,000 people)
Figure 8: Pie Chart Category of Occurrences United States (per 100,000 people)
Figure 9: Pie Chart Category of Occurrences Georgia (per 100,000 people)
Figure 10: Bar Chart of Category of Occurrences (per 100,000 people)
Figure 11: Bar Chart of Category of Occurrences United States (per 100,000 people) FREQUENCY 40 30 20 10 0 Large Small X- Large X- Small US_ SIZE Figure 12: Bar Chart of Category of Occurrences Georgia (per 100,000 people) FREQUENCY 40 30 20 10 0 Large Medi um Small X- Large X- Small GA_ SIZE
Figure 13: Stacked Bar Chart of Category of Occurrences United States (per 100,000 people)
Figure 14: Stacked Bar Chart of Category of Occurrences Georgia (per 100,000 people) Table 7: 95 and 99% Confidence Intervals for United States and Georgia 20 set Sample Lower 95% Upper 95% Variable Label N CL for Mean CL for Mean UNITED_STATES UNITED STATES 20 38.69 200.55 GEORGIA GEORGIA 20 35.69 210.84 Lower 99% Upper 99% Variable Label N CL for Mean CL for Mean UNITED_STATES UNITED STATES 20 9.00 230.24 GEORGIA GEORGIA 20 3.56 242.97
Appendix II: Figures Generated in Minitab Figure 15 Hi st ogr am of UNI TED_ STATES 25 20 Fr equency 15 10 5 0 0 160 320 480 640 occur r ences/ 100k Figure 16 Hi st ogr am of GEORGI A 30 25 20 Fr equency 15 10 5 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 occur r ences/ 100k
Figure 17 Boxpl ot of UNI TED_ STATES 700 600 500 occur r ences/ 100k 400 300 200 100 0 Figure 18 Boxpl ot of GEORGI A 800 700 600 occur r ences/ 100k 500 400 300 200 100 0
Figure 19 Boxpl ot of UNI TED_ STATES by CATEGORY 700 600 occur r ences/ 100k 500 400 300 200 100 0 r e s s l ce as or n ho an i se ct tio o C D Fa n di A lc ar sk o d ul Ri C an sc d ng o va an hi cc di o s rc ba ar se ra To C sea ve Di O e r th O CATEGORY Figure 20 Boxpl ot of GEORGI A by CATEGORY 800 700 occur ences/ 100k 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 er e rs ns ol nc as to io oh Ca se Fa c di t Al c r Di k on d la s C an cu Ri ng o s d i cc va an ch ba io s ar rd se er To Ca sea Ov Di er th O CATEGORY
Figure 21 Pi e Char t of CATEGORY Category Cancer 4.0% Cardiovascular Disease 4.0% 4.0% Other Diseases and Risk Factors Overarching Conditions Tobacco and Alcohol 16.0% 72.0% Figure 22 Pie Char t of CATEGORY f or UNI TED_ STATES Category Cancer 0.3% Cardiovascular Disease Other Diseases and Risk Factors 24.5% Overarching Conditions Tobacco and Alcohol 47.5% 0.0% 27.6%
Figure 23 Pi e Char t of CATEGORY f or GEORGI A Category Cancer 0.3% Cardiovascular Disease Other Diseases and Risk Factors Overarching Conditions 28.6% Tobacco and Alcohol 45.3% 0.0% 25.7% Figure 24 Bar Char t of CATEGORY 40 30 Count 20 10 0 er e rs ns ol nc as to io oh Ca se Fa c di t Al c r Di k on d la s C an cu Ri ng o s d i cc va an ch ba io s ar rd se er To Ca s ea Ov Di er th O CATEGORY
Figure 25 Bar Char t of Unit ed St at es Si ze 40 30 Count 20 10 0 Large Small X-Large X-Small US_ SI ZE Figure 26 Bar Char t of Geor gi a Si ze 40 30 Count 20 10 0 Large Medium Small X-Large X-Small GA_ SI ZE
Figure 27 St acked Bar Char t of CATEGORY by Unit ed St at es Si ze 40 US_SI ZE X-Small X-Large 30 Small Large Count 20 10 0 CATEGORY er e rs ns ol nc as to io oh Ca ise Fa c di t Al c rD sk on d la Ri C an scu d i ng o va an ch cc io s ar ba rd se er To Ca isea Ov rD he Ot Figure 28 St acked Bar Char t of CATEGORY by Geor gi a Si ze 40 GA_SI ZE X-Small X-Large 30 Small Medium Count Large 20 10 0 CATEGORY er e rs ns ol nc as to io oh Ca se c di t Al c r Di Fa on la sk C an d cu Ri ng o s d i cc va an ch io s ar ba rd se er To Ca is ea Ov rD he Ot
Appendix III: SAS Code * FULLERTON, STAT 3010.W01, FINAL PROJECT: DATA ANALYSIS OF Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators (CDC - CDI) of the United States and Georgia for Year 2005; * SETTING SYSTEM OPTIONS; DM 'LOG;CLEAR;OUT;CLEAR;'; OPTIONS LS=100 PS=75 FORMDLIM="="; QUIT; * Loading previously saved data set; DATA NEWCDICDC; SET 'V:final.projectCDICDC'; RUN; * Saving the data as a permanent SAS data set; DATA CDICDC; SET 'V:final.projectCDICDC'; RUN; * To view data in SAS; PROC PRINT DATA = CDICDC; RUN; * SETTING LIBREF; * Saving data as a permanent SAS data set; LIBNAME W2 'V:final.project'; DATA W2.CDICDC; SET CDICDC; RUN; * IMPORT CDC - CDI DATA; PROC IMPORT DATAFILE = 'V:final.projectFilChrDisIndCDC.xls' OUT = T1 REPLACE; RUN; QUIT; * Variable View in SAS; PROC CONTENTS DATA = W2.CDICDC; RUN; * Table 1 Dataset; ODS RTF; PROC PRINT DATA = W2.CDICDC; VAR CATEGORY INDICATOR YEAR MEASURE UNITED_STATES GEORGIA; RUN; ODS RTF CLOSE;
* Descriptive Statistics for Quantitative Variables; ODS RTF; PROC MEANS DATA = W2.CDICDC MAXDEC=2 N MEAN MEDIAN STD RANGE MIN MAX; VAR UNITED_STATES GEORGIA; RUN; ODS RTF CLOSE; * Frequency Tables of Category Variables; ODS RTF; PROC FREQ DATA = W2.CDICDC; TABLES CATEGORY INDICATOR MEASURE; RUN; ODS RTF CLOSE; * Histograms and Boxplots; DM 'LOG; CLEAR; OUT; CLEAR;'; PROC UNIVARIATE DATA = W2.CDICDC; VAR UNITED_STATES GEORGIA; HISTOGRAM; RUN; PROC SORT DATA = W2.CDICDC; BY YEAR; PROC BOXPLOT DATA = W2.CDICDC; PLOT UNITED_STATES*YEAR; PLOT GEORGIA*YEAR; RUN; * Boxplot of Occurrences by Category; DM 'LOG; CLEAR; OUT; CLEAR; GRAPH; CLEAR'; PROC SORT DATA = W2.CDICDC; BY CATEGORY; PROC BOXPLOT DATA = W2.CDICDC; PLOT UNITED_STATES*CATEGORY; PLOT GEORGIA*CATEGORY; RUN; * Creating new variable (size) for contingency table analysis; DM 'LOG;CLEAR;OUT;CLEAR'; DATA T1; SET T1; LENGTH US_SIZE $ 7; IF UNITED_STATES < 145 THEN US_SIZE = 'X-Small'; IF (UNITED_STATES GE 145) AND (UNITED_STATES < 300) THEN US_SIZE = 'Small'; IF (UNITED_STATES GE 300) AND (UNITED_STATES < 450) THEN US_SIZE = 'Medium'; IF (UNITED_STATES GE 450) AND (UNITED_STATES < 600) THEN US_SIZE = 'Large'; IF (UNITED_STATES GE 600) THEN US_SIZE = 'X-Large'; SET T1; LENGTH GA_SIZE $ 7; IF GEORGIA < 145 THEN GA_SIZE = 'X-Small'; IF (GEORGIA GE 145) AND (GEORGIA < 300) THEN GA_SIZE = 'Small'; IF (GEORGIA GE 300) AND (GEORGIA < 450) THEN GA_SIZE = 'Medium'; IF (GEORGIA GE 450) AND (GEORGIA < 600) THEN GA_SIZE = 'Large'; IF (GEORGIA GE 600) THEN GA_SIZE = 'X-Large';
PROC PRINT DATA = T1; RUN; * Contingency Tables; DM 'LOG;CLEAR;OUT;CLEAR'; ODS RTF; PROC FREQ DATA = T1; TABLES CATEGORY*US_SIZE; RUN; ODS RTF CLOSE; ODS RTF; PROC FREQ DATA = T1; TABLES CATEGORY*GA_SIZE; RUN; ODS RTF CLOSE; * Pie Charts; PROC GCHART DATA = W2.CDICDC; PIE CATEGORY; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; QUIT; PROC GCHART DATA = W2.CDICDC; PIE CATEGORY / SUMVAR = UNITED_STATES PERCENT = INSIDE; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; QUIT; PROC GCHART DATA = W2.CDICDC; PIE CATEGORY / SUMVAR = GEORGIA PERCENT = INSIDE; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; QUIT; * Bar Charts; PROC GCHART DATA = W2.CDICDC; VBAR CATEGORY / TYPE = FREQ; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; PROC GCHART DATA = T1; VBAR US_SIZE / TYPE = FREQ; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; PROC GCHART DATA = T1; VBAR GA_SIZE / TYPE = FREQ; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN;
* Stacked Bar Charts; PROC GCHART DATA = T1; VBAR CATEGORY / SUBGROUP = US_SIZE; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; PROC GCHART DATA = T1; VBAR CATEGORY / SUBGROUP = GA_SIZE; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; * Generate Random sample set of data with seed to replicate data; DATA CDICDCN; SET W2.CDICDC; GROUP = RANUNI(123456); PROC PRINT DATA = CDICDCN; RUN; * Sort random data to show only the first 20 observations; PROC SORT DATA = CDICDCN; BY GROUP; DATA CDICDCNN; SET CDICDCN; IF _n_ < 21; PROC PRINT DATA = CDICDCNN; RUN; * Confidence Intervals on ratio scale variables; DM 'LOG;CLEAR;OUT;CLEAR;'; ODS RTF; PROC MEANS DATA = CDICDCNN MAXDEC=2 N CLM ALPHA = .05; VAR UNITED_STATES GEORGIA; RUN; PROC MEANS DATA = CDICDCNN MAXDEC=2 N CLM ALPHA = .01; VAR UNITED_STATES GEORGIA; RUN; ODS RTF CLOSE; * Export Data to Minitab; PROC EXPORT OUTFILE = 'V:final.projectFilChrDisIndCDC.csv' DATA = W2.CDICDC REPLACE; RUN; PROC EXPORT OUTFILE = 'V:final.projectFilChrDisIndCDCT1.csv' DATA = T1 REPLACE; RUN; QUIT;

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Analysis of CDC Chronic Disease Indicators US compared with Georgia

  • 1. D. Fullerton STAT 3010.W01 Final Project 07/19/09
  • 2. STAT 3010.W01 Final Project: Analysis of Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia for Year 2005 The aim of this report is to discuss the results of a statistical analysis of Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia for the year 2005 made by the Center for Disease Control. The points covered in the analysis of data were: 1) Determine descriptive statistics and describe the distributions of variables of the data set, 2) Compare chronic disease indicator rates between the United States and Georgia separately for each of five categories, and 3) Create a random 20 item sample from the dataset, then estimate the Chronic Disease Indicator rate in the United States and Georgia using a 95% and 99% confidence interval, then determine whether or not the population mean rate for all 50 initial data were captured by the estimated confidence intervals. SAS 9.1.3 SP4 and graphics from SAS and Minitab 15 were the applications used in this analysis. The particular dataset was chosen due relation to healthcare, size, and complexion of data. The five variables (three catagorical and two quantitative) of the Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia for Year 2005 were obtained by filtering a data set from the Center for Disease Control website (http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/cdi/Default.aspx). A comparison was selected between the United States and Georgia. The data and definitions were originally developed by The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists with epidemiologists and chronic disease program directors at the state and federal level, were refined between 1999 and 2002, then a survey was made for 2005. This data has proved useful in Georgia to develop a database of the indicators by 19 health districts available via the internet. As well, the Division of Diabetes Translation at Center for Disease Control uses the data to assist diabetes programs with their surveillance and epidemiological activities. Table 1 shows a short selection of the data, and variable names used in Table 1 are described in Table 2. There are 50 datapoints from the year 2005, and the six other datapoints from different years were trimmed from the data set before analysis. Therefore, results and analysis is only valid for the year 2005. The occurrences per 100,000 people of the United States, and Georgia, by Chronic Disease Indicator category are assessed. The assessment of the quantitative and categorical variables shows the following. Table 3 shows the descriptive statistics for Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia both have a significant difference between the mean and median. Figures 1 and 2 clearly show that the distribution of occurrences for the United States, and for Georgia, are both unimodal, and positively skewed. Figures 3 and 4 further demonstrate this trend. Although drasticly skewed, no outliers are shown. The most representative measure of central tendency is the median, 25.95 for the United States, and 25.90 for Georgia. Table 4 shows the frequency of each occurrence by category. Cancer swallows up the data at 36 occurrences (out of 50), this mode is over four times that of the next leading indicator, Cardiovascular Disease. Figures 5 and 6 reinforce this, however, it is notable that cancer has a broader range of results,and is skewed, but Cardiovascular Disease has a more even distribution. A new categorical variable was created for the occurrences in the United States and Georgia based on size. The occurrences were broken up into chunks of size 150. The Contingency Table 5 shows that Cancer statistics for the United States are mostly returned in the X-Small range, meaning that most of the 32 data points in this category were less than 150 occurrences.
  • 3. Occurrences for Georgia differ in that some results fall into the Medium range, and 50% of the Cardiovascular results are from the X-Small category. The categorical indicator is also show in Figures 7 through 10. They stress again that Cancer is the leading indicator, by far, at over 75% overall. Figure 7 clumps the smallest three indicators into one category, Other. The breakdowns of cause by either United States, or Georgia, continue to stress the facts that Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease are the factors that beg further study. Tables 11 and 12 again show the breakdown of occurrences by the newly created variable, size. Each show that most occurrences for both the United States, and for Georgia, fall into the X- Small category, at a frequency of nearly 40% in each. Tables 13 and 14 show the category of incidence by size on stacked bar charts for the United States and Georgia. Cancer results in the United States fit mostly the X-small category, and Cardiovascular fit the Small category. The results in Geogia show that X-Small leads in all categories, and is the vast majority of the Cancer indicator. Finally, a random sample was produced in SAS of 20 data points. Both the 95 and 99% confidence intervals captured the true sample means with the United States between 38.69 and 200.55 (95%), and 9.00 and 230.24 (99%), where the true mean is 102.33, and Georgia between 35.69 and 210.84 (95%), and 3.56 and 242.97 (99%), where the true mean is 100.37
  • 4. APPENDIX I: SAS TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1: Abbreviated Display of the Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia for Year 2005 Obs CATEGORY INDICATOR YEAR MEASURE UNITED_STATES GEORGIA 1 Tobacco and Alcohol Chronic liver disease - mortality 2005 Crude Rate 9.3 7.5 2 Tobacco and Alcohol Chronic liver disease - mortality 2005 Age-adjusted 8.9 8.1 Rate 3 Cancer Invasive cancer (all sites combined) - 2005 Crude Rate 469.8 402.6 incidence 4 Cancer Invasive cancer (all sites combined) - 2005 Age-adjusted 458.4 452.0 incidence Rate 5 Cancer Cancer (all sites combined) - mortality 2005 Crude Rate 188.6 157.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Overarching Conditions Premature mortality among adults aged 2005 Age-adjusted 618.6 711.1 45-64 years Rate 49 Other Diseases and Risk Asthma - mortality 2005 Crude Rate 1.3 1.3 Factors 50 Other Diseases and Risk Asthma - mortality 2005 Age-adjusted 1.3 1.5 Factors Rate NOTE: The data for other years were minimal and thus eliminated from this data set (the numeration Obs was added automatically by SAS).
  • 5. Table 2: Summary of Variables Contained in Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia for Year 2005 Measurement Variable Name Label General Type Specific Type Units Observation Obs Categorical Identifier Variable N/A number CATEGORY Disease category Categorical Nominal N/A INDICATOR Disease indicator Categorical Nominal N/A Survey year YEAR Categorical Nominal N/A (only 2005 used) Crude or Age MEASURE Categorical Nominal N/A adjusted rate Number of instances per UNITED_STATES - Quantitative Interval/Ratio 100,000 persons* Number of instances per GEORGIA - Quantitative Interval/Ratio 100,000 persons* * standardized by the direct method to the year 2000 standard U.S. population based on single years of age from the Census P25-1130 series estimates
  • 6. Table 3: Descriptive Statistics of Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators of the United States and Georgia for Year 2005 Variable N Mean Median Std Dev Range Minimum Maximum UNITED_STATES 50 102.23 25.95 153.70 628.60 1.30 629.90 GEORGIA 50 100.37 25.90 163.10 719.70 1.30 721.00 Table 4: Frequency Table of Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators by Category CATEGORY Cumulative Cumulative CATEGORY Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Cancer 36 72.00 36 72.00 Cardiovascular Disease 8 16.00 44 88.00 Other Diseases and Risk Factors 2 4.00 46 92.00 Overarching Conditions 2 4.00 48 96.00 Tobacco and Alcohol 2 4.00 50 100.00
  • 7. Figure 1: Histogram of Occurrences United States (per 100,000 people) 70 60 50 P 40 e r c e n t 30 20 10 0 0 120 240 360 480 600 UNITED STATES Figure 2: Histogram of Occurrences Georgia (per 100,000 people) 70 60 50 P 40 e r c e n t 30 20 10 0 0 120 240 360 480 600 720 GEORGIA
  • 8. Figure 3: Box Plot of Occurrences United States (year 2005 per 100,000 people) 800 600 U N I T E D 400 S T A T E S 200 0 2005 YEAR Figure 4: Box Plot of Occurrences Georgia (year 2005 per 100,000 people) 800 600 G E O R 400 G I A 200 0 2005 YEAR
  • 9. Figure 5: Side by Side Box Plot of Occurrences United States (per 100,000 people) 800 600 U N I T E D 400 S T A T E S 200 0 Cancer Tobacco and Alcohol CATEGORY Figure 6: Side by Side Box Plot of Occurrences Georgia (per 100,000 people) 800 600 G E O R 400 G I A 200 0 Cancer Tobacco and Alcohol CATEGORY
  • 10. Table 5: Contingency Table Category of Occurrences by United States Size CATEGORY(CATEGORY) US_SIZE Frequency Percent Row Pct Col Pct Large Small X-Large X-Small Total Cancer 2 2 0 32 36 4.00 4.00 0.00 64.00 72.00 5.56 5.56 0.00 88.89 100.00 25.00 0.00 84.21 Cardiovascular Disease 0 6 0 2 8 0.00 12.00 0.00 4.00 16.00 0.00 75.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 75.00 0.00 5.26 Other Diseases and Risk Factors 0 0 0 2 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.26 Overarching Conditions 0 0 2 0 2 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 Tobacco and Alcohol 0 0 0 2 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.26 Total 2 8 2 38 50 4.00 16.00 4.00 76.00 100.00
  • 11. Table 6: Contingency Table Category of Occurrences by Georgia Size CATEGORY(CATEGORY) GA_SIZE Frequency Percent Row Pct Col Pct Large Medium Small X-Large X-Small Total Cancer 1 1 3 0 31 36 2.00 2.00 6.00 0.00 62.00 72.00 2.78 2.78 8.33 0.00 86.11 100.00 50.00 50.00 0.00 79.49 Cardiovascular Disease 0 1 3 0 4 8 0.00 2.00 6.00 0.00 8.00 16.00 0.00 12.50 37.50 0.00 50.00 0.00 50.00 50.00 0.00 10.26 Other Diseases and Risk Factors 0 0 0 0 2 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.13 Overarching Conditions 0 0 0 2 0 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 Tobacco and Alcohol 0 0 0 0 2 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.13 Total 1 2 6 2 39 50 2.00 4.00 12.00 4.00 78.00 100.00
  • 12. Figure 7: Pie Chart Category of Occurrences (per 100,000 people)
  • 13. Figure 8: Pie Chart Category of Occurrences United States (per 100,000 people)
  • 14. Figure 9: Pie Chart Category of Occurrences Georgia (per 100,000 people)
  • 15. Figure 10: Bar Chart of Category of Occurrences (per 100,000 people)
  • 16. Figure 11: Bar Chart of Category of Occurrences United States (per 100,000 people) FREQUENCY 40 30 20 10 0 Large Small X- Large X- Small US_ SIZE Figure 12: Bar Chart of Category of Occurrences Georgia (per 100,000 people) FREQUENCY 40 30 20 10 0 Large Medi um Small X- Large X- Small GA_ SIZE
  • 17. Figure 13: Stacked Bar Chart of Category of Occurrences United States (per 100,000 people)
  • 18. Figure 14: Stacked Bar Chart of Category of Occurrences Georgia (per 100,000 people) Table 7: 95 and 99% Confidence Intervals for United States and Georgia 20 set Sample Lower 95% Upper 95% Variable Label N CL for Mean CL for Mean UNITED_STATES UNITED STATES 20 38.69 200.55 GEORGIA GEORGIA 20 35.69 210.84 Lower 99% Upper 99% Variable Label N CL for Mean CL for Mean UNITED_STATES UNITED STATES 20 9.00 230.24 GEORGIA GEORGIA 20 3.56 242.97
  • 19. Appendix II: Figures Generated in Minitab Figure 15 Hi st ogr am of UNI TED_ STATES 25 20 Fr equency 15 10 5 0 0 160 320 480 640 occur r ences/ 100k Figure 16 Hi st ogr am of GEORGI A 30 25 20 Fr equency 15 10 5 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 occur r ences/ 100k
  • 20. Figure 17 Boxpl ot of UNI TED_ STATES 700 600 500 occur r ences/ 100k 400 300 200 100 0 Figure 18 Boxpl ot of GEORGI A 800 700 600 occur r ences/ 100k 500 400 300 200 100 0
  • 21. Figure 19 Boxpl ot of UNI TED_ STATES by CATEGORY 700 600 occur r ences/ 100k 500 400 300 200 100 0 r e s s l ce as or n ho an i se ct tio o C D Fa n di A lc ar sk o d ul Ri C an sc d ng o va an hi cc di o s rc ba ar se ra To C sea ve Di O e r th O CATEGORY Figure 20 Boxpl ot of GEORGI A by CATEGORY 800 700 occur ences/ 100k 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 er e rs ns ol nc as to io oh Ca se Fa c di t Al c r Di k on d la s C an cu Ri ng o s d i cc va an ch ba io s ar rd se er To Ca sea Ov Di er th O CATEGORY
  • 22. Figure 21 Pi e Char t of CATEGORY Category Cancer 4.0% Cardiovascular Disease 4.0% 4.0% Other Diseases and Risk Factors Overarching Conditions Tobacco and Alcohol 16.0% 72.0% Figure 22 Pie Char t of CATEGORY f or UNI TED_ STATES Category Cancer 0.3% Cardiovascular Disease Other Diseases and Risk Factors 24.5% Overarching Conditions Tobacco and Alcohol 47.5% 0.0% 27.6%
  • 23. Figure 23 Pi e Char t of CATEGORY f or GEORGI A Category Cancer 0.3% Cardiovascular Disease Other Diseases and Risk Factors Overarching Conditions 28.6% Tobacco and Alcohol 45.3% 0.0% 25.7% Figure 24 Bar Char t of CATEGORY 40 30 Count 20 10 0 er e rs ns ol nc as to io oh Ca se Fa c di t Al c r Di k on d la s C an cu Ri ng o s d i cc va an ch ba io s ar rd se er To Ca s ea Ov Di er th O CATEGORY
  • 24. Figure 25 Bar Char t of Unit ed St at es Si ze 40 30 Count 20 10 0 Large Small X-Large X-Small US_ SI ZE Figure 26 Bar Char t of Geor gi a Si ze 40 30 Count 20 10 0 Large Medium Small X-Large X-Small GA_ SI ZE
  • 25. Figure 27 St acked Bar Char t of CATEGORY by Unit ed St at es Si ze 40 US_SI ZE X-Small X-Large 30 Small Large Count 20 10 0 CATEGORY er e rs ns ol nc as to io oh Ca ise Fa c di t Al c rD sk on d la Ri C an scu d i ng o va an ch cc io s ar ba rd se er To Ca isea Ov rD he Ot Figure 28 St acked Bar Char t of CATEGORY by Geor gi a Si ze 40 GA_SI ZE X-Small X-Large 30 Small Medium Count Large 20 10 0 CATEGORY er e rs ns ol nc as to io oh Ca se c di t Al c r Di Fa on la sk C an d cu Ri ng o s d i cc va an ch io s ar ba rd se er To Ca is ea Ov rD he Ot
  • 26. Appendix III: SAS Code * FULLERTON, STAT 3010.W01, FINAL PROJECT: DATA ANALYSIS OF Center for Disease Control Chronic Disease Indicators (CDC - CDI) of the United States and Georgia for Year 2005; * SETTING SYSTEM OPTIONS; DM 'LOG;CLEAR;OUT;CLEAR;'; OPTIONS LS=100 PS=75 FORMDLIM="="; QUIT; * Loading previously saved data set; DATA NEWCDICDC; SET 'V:final.projectCDICDC'; RUN; * Saving the data as a permanent SAS data set; DATA CDICDC; SET 'V:final.projectCDICDC'; RUN; * To view data in SAS; PROC PRINT DATA = CDICDC; RUN; * SETTING LIBREF; * Saving data as a permanent SAS data set; LIBNAME W2 'V:final.project'; DATA W2.CDICDC; SET CDICDC; RUN; * IMPORT CDC - CDI DATA; PROC IMPORT DATAFILE = 'V:final.projectFilChrDisIndCDC.xls' OUT = T1 REPLACE; RUN; QUIT; * Variable View in SAS; PROC CONTENTS DATA = W2.CDICDC; RUN; * Table 1 Dataset; ODS RTF; PROC PRINT DATA = W2.CDICDC; VAR CATEGORY INDICATOR YEAR MEASURE UNITED_STATES GEORGIA; RUN; ODS RTF CLOSE;
  • 27. * Descriptive Statistics for Quantitative Variables; ODS RTF; PROC MEANS DATA = W2.CDICDC MAXDEC=2 N MEAN MEDIAN STD RANGE MIN MAX; VAR UNITED_STATES GEORGIA; RUN; ODS RTF CLOSE; * Frequency Tables of Category Variables; ODS RTF; PROC FREQ DATA = W2.CDICDC; TABLES CATEGORY INDICATOR MEASURE; RUN; ODS RTF CLOSE; * Histograms and Boxplots; DM 'LOG; CLEAR; OUT; CLEAR;'; PROC UNIVARIATE DATA = W2.CDICDC; VAR UNITED_STATES GEORGIA; HISTOGRAM; RUN; PROC SORT DATA = W2.CDICDC; BY YEAR; PROC BOXPLOT DATA = W2.CDICDC; PLOT UNITED_STATES*YEAR; PLOT GEORGIA*YEAR; RUN; * Boxplot of Occurrences by Category; DM 'LOG; CLEAR; OUT; CLEAR; GRAPH; CLEAR'; PROC SORT DATA = W2.CDICDC; BY CATEGORY; PROC BOXPLOT DATA = W2.CDICDC; PLOT UNITED_STATES*CATEGORY; PLOT GEORGIA*CATEGORY; RUN; * Creating new variable (size) for contingency table analysis; DM 'LOG;CLEAR;OUT;CLEAR'; DATA T1; SET T1; LENGTH US_SIZE $ 7; IF UNITED_STATES < 145 THEN US_SIZE = 'X-Small'; IF (UNITED_STATES GE 145) AND (UNITED_STATES < 300) THEN US_SIZE = 'Small'; IF (UNITED_STATES GE 300) AND (UNITED_STATES < 450) THEN US_SIZE = 'Medium'; IF (UNITED_STATES GE 450) AND (UNITED_STATES < 600) THEN US_SIZE = 'Large'; IF (UNITED_STATES GE 600) THEN US_SIZE = 'X-Large'; SET T1; LENGTH GA_SIZE $ 7; IF GEORGIA < 145 THEN GA_SIZE = 'X-Small'; IF (GEORGIA GE 145) AND (GEORGIA < 300) THEN GA_SIZE = 'Small'; IF (GEORGIA GE 300) AND (GEORGIA < 450) THEN GA_SIZE = 'Medium'; IF (GEORGIA GE 450) AND (GEORGIA < 600) THEN GA_SIZE = 'Large'; IF (GEORGIA GE 600) THEN GA_SIZE = 'X-Large';
  • 28. PROC PRINT DATA = T1; RUN; * Contingency Tables; DM 'LOG;CLEAR;OUT;CLEAR'; ODS RTF; PROC FREQ DATA = T1; TABLES CATEGORY*US_SIZE; RUN; ODS RTF CLOSE; ODS RTF; PROC FREQ DATA = T1; TABLES CATEGORY*GA_SIZE; RUN; ODS RTF CLOSE; * Pie Charts; PROC GCHART DATA = W2.CDICDC; PIE CATEGORY; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; QUIT; PROC GCHART DATA = W2.CDICDC; PIE CATEGORY / SUMVAR = UNITED_STATES PERCENT = INSIDE; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; QUIT; PROC GCHART DATA = W2.CDICDC; PIE CATEGORY / SUMVAR = GEORGIA PERCENT = INSIDE; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; QUIT; * Bar Charts; PROC GCHART DATA = W2.CDICDC; VBAR CATEGORY / TYPE = FREQ; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; PROC GCHART DATA = T1; VBAR US_SIZE / TYPE = FREQ; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; PROC GCHART DATA = T1; VBAR GA_SIZE / TYPE = FREQ; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN;
  • 29. * Stacked Bar Charts; PROC GCHART DATA = T1; VBAR CATEGORY / SUBGROUP = US_SIZE; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; PROC GCHART DATA = T1; VBAR CATEGORY / SUBGROUP = GA_SIZE; GOPTIONS HTEXT = 1; LEGEND; RUN; * Generate Random sample set of data with seed to replicate data; DATA CDICDCN; SET W2.CDICDC; GROUP = RANUNI(123456); PROC PRINT DATA = CDICDCN; RUN; * Sort random data to show only the first 20 observations; PROC SORT DATA = CDICDCN; BY GROUP; DATA CDICDCNN; SET CDICDCN; IF _n_ < 21; PROC PRINT DATA = CDICDCNN; RUN; * Confidence Intervals on ratio scale variables; DM 'LOG;CLEAR;OUT;CLEAR;'; ODS RTF; PROC MEANS DATA = CDICDCNN MAXDEC=2 N CLM ALPHA = .05; VAR UNITED_STATES GEORGIA; RUN; PROC MEANS DATA = CDICDCNN MAXDEC=2 N CLM ALPHA = .01; VAR UNITED_STATES GEORGIA; RUN; ODS RTF CLOSE; * Export Data to Minitab; PROC EXPORT OUTFILE = 'V:final.projectFilChrDisIndCDC.csv' DATA = W2.CDICDC REPLACE; RUN; PROC EXPORT OUTFILE = 'V:final.projectFilChrDisIndCDCT1.csv' DATA = T1 REPLACE; RUN; QUIT;