Andrew Goodwin is a music video theorist who believes there are 6 key elements that make a successful music video according to his research. These elements are: 1) A relationship between the lyrics and visuals, 2) A relationship between the music and visuals, 3) Genre-related style and iconography, 4) Multiple close-ups of the main artist, 5) Elements of voyeurism, especially regarding females, and 6) Intertextual references to other media texts. He cites several examples of popular music videos that illustrate these elements.