Animal development and architecture
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- Plasmogamy involves the fusion of cytoplasm between two parent fungi without nuclear fusion, forming a secondary mycelium with one nucleus from each parent. Karyogamy involves nuclear fusion and produces genetic variation through somatic diploids. - Animal cells lack cell walls and have structural proteins like collagen to hold their multicellular bodies together. Most animals reproduce sexually through fertilization and have a diploid stage dominating their life cycle. - Animal development proceeds through cleavage, formation of a blastula and gastrula, and then organogenesis from the three germ layers. Their multicellular origin can be traced to colonial protistan ancestors.
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A second type of cell division called meiosis takes place in multicellular eukaryotes. This is a reduction division in which the daughter cells receive exactly half the number of chromosomes of the mother cells.
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defined as a biological process in
which an organism gives rise to
young ones (offspring) similar to
itself.
Asexual reproduction:
Offsprings produced by single
parents.
Without involvement of gamete
formation
Offsprings are genetically
identical to their parentsCell division as a method of asexual
reproduction as in Protista and monera.
Binary fission e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium.
Budding: e.g. yeast.
Asexual reproductive structures:
Zoospores: aquatic fungi, Chlamydomonas.
Conidia: Penicillium.
Bud: Hydra
Gemmules: sponges.
Vegetative propagation units in plant:
(Vegetative propagules)
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Molecular & genetic mechanisms of onto genesisEneutron
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1) The document discusses various mechanisms of sexual and asexual reproduction in organisms. It describes gametogenesis, fertilization, and the main stages of ontogenesis including cleavage, gastrulation, and formation of organs and systems.
2) The two main types of reproduction are asexual, which produces offspring genetically identical to the parent, and sexual, which involves meiosis and fusion of male and female gametes to create offspring with genetic material from both parents.
3) Fertilization is the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote, which then undergoes cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis during development.Biology Review
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in zoology and biology, including:
1. Zoology is the study of animal life, and taxonomy involves the hierarchical classification of organisms into kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Linnaeus established the modern system of binomial nomenclature.
2. Other topics covered include evolution, heredity, genetics, ecology, cells, and levels of biological organization. Reproductive strategies such as asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis, hermaphroditism, and fertilization methods are also summarized.
3. Species interactions including predation, competition, and symbiosis are discussed in the2011 plant tissue culture using totipotancy
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Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues or organs in sterile conditions on nutrient media. Key factors include the growth media, environmental conditions, and the explant source tissue. Plant cells have the abilities of totipotency, dedifferentiation, and competency. Tissue culture is used for micropropagation, genetic modification, pathogen elimination, and more. Common types include callus, organ, and embryo culture. Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis allow regeneration of whole plants. Tissue culture can generate somaclonal variation through genetic or epigenetic changes.Section 1.pptx
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This document summarizes key characteristics of animals. It discusses that animals are heterotrophs that move to find food which is digested inside the body. Animals are also multicellular and diploid, and almost all reproduce sexually. During embryonic development, the zygote forms a blastula and then three germ layers that give rise to tissues and organ systems. Animals display a variety of body plans ranging from radial to bilateral symmetry.Processes on animal development
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The document discusses early concepts of development including preformation versus epigenesis. It was once thought that the embryo was preformed in the egg, but experiments demonstrated that undifferentiated material in the egg becomes arranged through epigenesis. Key developmental stages are described including fertilization, cleavage, blastula formation, and gastrulation which establishes the three germ layers. Differences in protostome and deuterostome development are outlined, focusing on differences in cleavage, fate determination, and body axis formation. The role of induction in patterning the embryo is also summarized.Gametogenesis gah
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- Gametogenesis is the production of gametes (sex cells) via meiosis from germ cells. This involves the formation of haploid egg and sperm cells from diploid precursor cells.
- Eggs undergo a process called oogenesis to form female gametes (ova/eggs). Sperm undergo spermatogenesis to form male gametes. Both involve mitosis, growth, and meiotic maturation.
- Mature eggs contain stored nutrients, proteins, mRNA and other materials necessary to support early embryonic development before the embryo can feed itself. Eggs accumulate these materials during oogenesis.Cell division presentation
Cell division presentationIda Teng
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Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis and leads to growth, repair, asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and results in two identical daughter cells. Uncontrolled mitosis can lead to cancer due to genetic mutations. Cloning uses cell division to produce genetically identical copies of organisms and has applications in microbes, plants and animals.CHAPTER 7.pptx
CHAPTER 7.pptxMegarsaGemechu1
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1. Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can cause important diseases in animals. Trypanosomes, babesia, and coccidia are protozoan parasites that infect livestock and cause significant economic losses.
2. Trypanosomes are transmitted between animals by tsetse flies or other biting flies. They multiply in the bloodstream and cause trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana, in cattle. Control relies on chemotherapy, insecticides, and trypanotolerant breeds.
3. Coccidia are intracellular parasites with direct or indirect life cycles. Eimeria species infect the intestinal epithelium of many animal hosts and cause coccidiosisMore from chuckiecalsado (20)
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Excre termschuckiecalsado
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Osmothermoreg activitychuckiecalsado
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This document contains questions for a student about osmoregulation - the process by which aquatic organisms regulate their internal salt concentrations. It asks about nitrogenous waste products in different organisms, and the effects of freshwater vs saltwater on fish. It also asks questions about thermoregulation in humans and how water is used to cool engines and nuclear reactors. The conclusion section is blank.Overview of excretion in mammals
Overview of excretion in mammalschuckiecalsado
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The mammalian kidney filters blood in the glomerulus and regulates water and salt balance through selective reabsorption and secretion in the nephron's tubule segments. In the proximal tubule, most reabsorption occurs, while the thin ascending loop of Henle secretes salt and the thick ascending loop reabsorbs salt actively. The collecting duct determines salt excretion, reabsorbing water passively. Osmoreceptors detect blood osmolarity and volume changes, triggering antidiuretic hormone and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system respectively to regulate water and salt balance. Through selective tubule transport, the kidney maintains homeostasis.Integumentary activity
Integumentary activitychuckiecalsado
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The document contains a worksheet asking students to identify different methods of heat transfer and label parts of the skin. It asks students to provide everyday examples of conduction, convection, radiation, and changes of state. It also has a diagram of the skin and asks students to match descriptions to the correct layers labeled A-O.Immune 20132014 (1)
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The immune system defends the body against pathogens through layered lines of defense. The innate immune system provides immediate nonspecific responses while the adaptive immune system mounts targeted responses through lymphocytes. B and T lymphocytes recognize pathogens through antigen receptors and mount humoral or cell-mediated responses involving antibody production or cytotoxic killing. Immune memory develops from these responses to provide faster protection upon reexposure. A balanced immune response is needed, as deficiencies or issues with self-tolerance can lead to infection or autoimmunity.Cell respi photosynthesis activity
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This document contains an activity worksheet on cell respiration and photosynthesis. It includes checklists to identify the key components and processes of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and photosynthesis. It also poses questions about the importance of glycolysis in ATP production, why the Krebs cycle is aerobic, the types of fermentation, the last electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, and the byproducts of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Additional questions address the importance of light in photosynthesis, the role of Rubisco in sugar formation, and adaptations plants use in hot climates like PEPCO cycling in CAM plants.Lab activity 1 20122013
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The document contains questions about osmoregulation and thermoregulation. It asks about different nitrogenous wastes and their importance, what would happen if freshwater and saltwater fish were placed in the opposite environments, the relationship between loop of Henle length and environmental temperature, properties of water that make it a good cooling agent, and ways organisms cool themselves.2nd quarter notes
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The three lines of defense in the immune system are:
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2) Second line is internal non-specific defenses like white blood cells and antimicrobial proteins.
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A student homework assignment asks them to:
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3) Complete a table with cell types and actions.
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This document contains an activity worksheet about cell respiration and photosynthesis. It asks students to define key terms related to these processes, write out the chemical reactions, and draw a diagram showing the steps of photosynthesis and cell respiration. Students are asked to provide their name, date, and section number at the top of the page. The activity is numbered and divided into three parts - defining terms, writing reactions, and making a diagram.Transport notes
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This document contains 10 questions about transport mechanisms and circulatory systems. It asks about the different transport mechanisms in plants, the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism in trees, root pressure, cohesive forces in water, diffusion in different organisms, interstitial fluid, open vs closed circulatory systems, double circulation, single ventricles in amphibians, and different blood vessels and their characteristics.Biology project sy 2012 2013
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This document outlines the requirements for a Biology 2 final project on physiology and anatomy. Students will work in groups to research and present on an approved topic related to concepts discussed in the course. They must submit a topic proposal that includes an introduction, background research sources, and presentation outline. The final presentation should be in video format and resemble a TED Talk, exploring topics like improving human structure and function or examining a specific organ system. Deadlines are provided for topic approval, the written proposal, and the final presentation video.Bio2 course outline 2012 2013
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This document outlines the course description, course outline, references, and grading system for Biology 2, a one unit comparative anatomy and physiology course offered to third year students at the Philippine Science High School - Main Campus. The course covers basic concepts of life processes with a focus on structure-function relationships among organisms. It examines evolutionary trends in organ system development. The course aims to demonstrate unity in diversity and value nature. It is divided into four quarters covering topics like biological organization, life processes, homeostasis, support/locomotion, regulation/control, and reproduction. Student work is evaluated based on tests, exams, class activities, and participation.Pix educ 280
Pix educ 280chuckiecalsado
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This document outlines the schedule and activities for an education course during the summer of 2011-2012. It includes reports, meetings, demos and simulations for preparation, and culminates with "the big day" at the end of the course.Pix educ 280
Pix educ 280chuckiecalsado
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This document outlines the schedule for EDUC 280 in summer 2011-2012, including reports, meetings, demos and simulations leading up to the final project. Meetings and practice sessions will help prepare students for their culminating presentations.Fb
Fbchuckiecalsado
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The last activity of the Field Biology Batch 2012 will take place on March 18-19 at Mt. Gulugod Baboy in Mabini, Batangas. The trip will focus on conservation, mountaineering, and surveying the flora and fauna of the montane region. Five teachers will supervise the trip to ensure safety. Parents are asked to indicate whether they allow their son/daughter to participate.
Animal development and architecture
- 1. Animal Development and Architecture
- 2. Plasmogamy vs karyogamy Plasmogamy- the cytoplasm of two parent油 mycelia 油fuse together without the fusion of nuclei, as occurs in higher terrestrial fungi. After plasmogamy occurs, the secondary mycelium forms. The secondary mycelium consists of dikaryotic cells, one nucleus from each of the parent mycelia. Karyogamy- In fungi that lack油 sexual cycles , it is an important source of油 genetic variation 油through the formation of油 somatic diploids .
- 3. Core concept Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes. In contrast to the autotrophic nutrition of plants and algae, animals must take into their bodies preformed organic molecules; they cannot construct them from inorganic chemicals. Most animals do this by ingestion---eating other organisms or organic material that is decomposing.
- 4. Animal cells lack the cell walls that provide strong support in the bodies of plants and fungi. The multicellular bodies of animals are held together by structural proteins, the most abundant being collagen.
- 5. Most animals reproduce sexually, with the diploid stage usually dominating the life cycle. In most species, a small flagellated sperm fertilizes a larger, non-motile egg to form a diploid zygote.
- 6. Keywords Vertebrate invertebrate symmetry irregular symmetry radial symmetry bilateral symmetry penta radial symmetry anterior posterior dorsal ventral multicellular Cleavage blastula gastrulation Gastrula metamorphosis cephalization
- 7. Recall: Development and growth Specialization is due to multicellularity An animal is a product of a diploid zygote Reconstruction is due to Cleavage (mitosis) Morula (32 cells) Blastulation 128 cells blastocoel Gastrulation Formation of endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm Followed by organogenesis
- 8. Animal Development Product of aggregation of identical cells Colonial protists Formation of hollow unspecialized cells Specialization to reproductive and somatic cells Cellular infolding and gastrulation-like process The development of animals proved a strong indication of our origin from colonial protistan ancestors. 油
- 10. Animal Architecture Animal symmetry is of three types: irregular (asymmetry), radial and bilateral. Irregular symmetry is the most primitive type of symmetry followed by radial, and the most advanced type which is the bilateral symmetry.油
- 11. Symmetry
- 12. Animal multicellularity, cephalization, and trends in size play an important role in the animal evolution. Why?