Animal vision nsta 102911
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1. Animals see the world differently than humans due to variations in their visual systems, including differences in photoreceptor cells, eye structures, and neural processing. 2. Many animals have adaptations that allow them to see in dim light or detect polarized light, ultraviolet wavelengths, and motion. These adaptations relate to an animal's habitat and behaviors. 3. Studying animal vision can provide insights into designing improved cameras and visual processing systems by exploring solutions found in nature.
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Insects have extremely complex vision systems, despite their small size and relatively
small number of neurons. Insects use their compound eyes to find food sources and catch prey,
identify and avoid predators, move, swim, or fly in a complex three-dimensional environment,
navigate to and from a nest using learnt visual land marks, and recognize and respond to
conspecifics. These visual activities would be taxing enough, even in the bright, sunny world
where many insects are active. However, such activities may initially appear difficult to the
great majority of insects that are only active at night, when light levels might be up to 11 orders
of magnitude lower. Nevertheless, despite the challenging lighting circumstances they
encounter, we have started to recognize during the last 20 years that nocturnal insects carry out
the same visual tasks as their diurnal relatives and with the same precision and accuracy. This
remarkable discovery has sparked a renewed interest
in the visual talents of nocturnal insects and a greater
knowledge of how the neural system realizes these
abilities. An eye must be able to capture enough light
in order to see reliably. This essential criterion is
easily met by a diurnal (day-active) animal that is
suited for vision in bright sunshine. However,
dependable eyesight cannot be ensured at night or at
extreme water depths when light levels may be orders of magnitude lower (Warrant, 2008).
This is by no means the norm, though, as many others have made significant investments in
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for this, and the degree of signal reliability at this level is determined by how well the receptors
function as photodetectors. The efficiency of insect photoreceptors is remarkable, despite their
imperfections. Optimal processing that minimizes the impacts of noise, such as summing visual
signals in space and time, can further increase the trustworthiness of the signals they send to
higher levels of the visual system. The insects behaviour is eventually guided by higher level
processing of visual cues, such as the size and shape of learnt landmarks, the relative
1
movements of obstacles during flight, or the colour of nectar-bearing flowers. If higher-level
processing is reliable in low light, nocturnal creatures may be able to see pretty well. Vis 1--invertebrates-vision
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油
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- Invertebrate eyes range from simple eye spots to advanced compound and camera eyes. They see in different spectra than humans but often see better in dim light or rapid motion.
- Ten main eye designs have evolved, from simple pits to advanced pinhole, concave mirror, compound, and camera eyes. Compound eyes are the most widespread and come in apposition and superposition types suited to different light conditions.Vision in Insects (simple eye, compound eye).pptx
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油
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油
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This document discusses the visual systems of insects. It describes that insects perceive light through compound eyes, ocelli, and sometimes other receptors. Compound eyes consist of many ommatidia that allow image formation and color vision. Ocelli include the dorsal ocelli in adult insects and stemmata in larval insects. Other receptors include dermal light sensors and direct brain sensitivity to light. The document focuses on these different visual receptors in insects and their functions.Evolution of EYE
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Vision and visual navigation in nocturnal insectsprashantmangalgikar
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This document discusses vision and visual navigation in nocturnal insects. It begins by explaining how nocturnal insects have modified their visual systems and behavior to operate under low light conditions, which can be up to 11 orders of magnitude lower than daylight. Specifically, it discusses the optical designs of compound eyes that have evolved for high sensitivity, including superposition eyes. It also covers retinal adaptations like large photoreceptor responses, as well as strategies for enhancing vision like temporal and spatial summation in the brain. Finally, it examines how nocturnal insects navigate using celestial cues like the moon and polarized light, as well as terrestrial visual cues like tree canopies and landmarks.Photoreception (1)
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1. Photoreception is the ability to detect light and involves photoreceptors like rods and cones that contain photopigments.
2. In the eye, light is refracted by the cornea and lens to form an image on the retina, with the fovea providing the sharpest vision.
3. Signals from photoreceptors are processed in the retina and optic nerve before reaching the visual cortex of the brain for interpretation.More Related Content
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Vision and visual navigation in nocturnal insects
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油
Insects have extremely complex vision systems, despite their small size and relatively
small number of neurons. Insects use their compound eyes to find food sources and catch prey,
identify and avoid predators, move, swim, or fly in a complex three-dimensional environment,
navigate to and from a nest using learnt visual land marks, and recognize and respond to
conspecifics. These visual activities would be taxing enough, even in the bright, sunny world
where many insects are active. However, such activities may initially appear difficult to the
great majority of insects that are only active at night, when light levels might be up to 11 orders
of magnitude lower. Nevertheless, despite the challenging lighting circumstances they
encounter, we have started to recognize during the last 20 years that nocturnal insects carry out
the same visual tasks as their diurnal relatives and with the same precision and accuracy. This
remarkable discovery has sparked a renewed interest
in the visual talents of nocturnal insects and a greater
knowledge of how the neural system realizes these
abilities. An eye must be able to capture enough light
in order to see reliably. This essential criterion is
easily met by a diurnal (day-active) animal that is
suited for vision in bright sunshine. However,
dependable eyesight cannot be ensured at night or at
extreme water depths when light levels may be orders of magnitude lower (Warrant, 2008).
This is by no means the norm, though, as many others have made significant investments in
their eyesight and developed amazing adaptations to see well in low light (Laughlin, 1990). In
order to demonstrate some of the fundamental concepts that insects utilize to process visual
information in low light, this presentation features nocturnal insects. Insects that live in low
light typically have extremely sensitive eyes. A dependable signal is only guaranteed if every
photon that is captured is transduced effectively and consistently, even with extremely sensitive
eyes capturing as many of the available photons as possible. The photoreceptors are responsible
for this, and the degree of signal reliability at this level is determined by how well the receptors
function as photodetectors. The efficiency of insect photoreceptors is remarkable, despite their
imperfections. Optimal processing that minimizes the impacts of noise, such as summing visual
signals in space and time, can further increase the trustworthiness of the signals they send to
higher levels of the visual system. The insects behaviour is eventually guided by higher level
processing of visual cues, such as the size and shape of learnt landmarks, the relative
1
movements of obstacles during flight, or the colour of nectar-bearing flowers. If higher-level
processing is reliable in low light, nocturnal creatures may be able to see pretty well. Vis 1--invertebrates-vision
Vis 1--invertebrates-visionbadsah13
油
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- Invertebrate eyes range from simple eye spots to advanced compound and camera eyes. They see in different spectra than humans but often see better in dim light or rapid motion.
- Ten main eye designs have evolved, from simple pits to advanced pinhole, concave mirror, compound, and camera eyes. Compound eyes are the most widespread and come in apposition and superposition types suited to different light conditions.Vision in Insects (simple eye, compound eye).pptx
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油
The document discusses the vision in insects, detailing the different types of eyes, including simple eyes (dorsal ocelli and stemmata) and compound eyes, highlighting their structure and function. It explains how these eyes contribute to various visual capabilities, such as color vision, polarization sensitivity, and distance perception. Additionally, it outlines the mechanisms of image formation and the physiological characteristics of photoreceptors in insects.Insect vision
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油
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油
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Vision and visual navigation in nocturnal insectsprashantmangalgikar
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This document discusses vision and visual navigation in nocturnal insects. It begins by explaining how nocturnal insects have modified their visual systems and behavior to operate under low light conditions, which can be up to 11 orders of magnitude lower than daylight. Specifically, it discusses the optical designs of compound eyes that have evolved for high sensitivity, including superposition eyes. It also covers retinal adaptations like large photoreceptor responses, as well as strategies for enhancing vision like temporal and spatial summation in the brain. Finally, it examines how nocturnal insects navigate using celestial cues like the moon and polarized light, as well as terrestrial visual cues like tree canopies and landmarks.Photoreception (1)
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1. Photoreception is the ability to detect light and involves photoreceptors like rods and cones that contain photopigments.
2. In the eye, light is refracted by the cornea and lens to form an image on the retina, with the fovea providing the sharpest vision.
3. Signals from photoreceptors are processed in the retina and optic nerve before reaching the visual cortex of the brain for interpretation.Vision and visual navigation in nocturnal insects-SSNAIK TNAU
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The document is a comprehensive study on the vision and navigation of nocturnal insects, detailing their adaptations and physiological structures, particularly in their optical systems. It covers historical insights into insect vision, types of eyes, visual tasks, and navigation techniques using celestial and terrestrial cues. The study emphasizes the significance of visual systems in nocturnal behaviors and highlights ongoing research in this field.Vision and visual navigation in nocturnal insects
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This document discusses the visual navigation abilities of nocturnal insects, highlighting their adaptations for low-light environments through enhanced optical sensitivity and neural mechanisms facilitating perception. It describes how these insects utilize celestial cues and terrestrial landmarks for navigation and emphasizes their remarkable capacity to discriminate colors and orient themselves using faint signals. The conclusion suggests further research into the neural strategies involved in visual processing for nocturnal insects is needed, as their evolutionary adaptations showcase a complex interaction between retinal signaling and behavior.insect vision, entomology, insect eye facet
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Insects perceive light through various visual receptors including compound eyes, ocelli, and stemmata. Compound eyes consist of thousands of ommatidia, each with optical and sensory parts containing photoreceptor cells. Compound eyes form either apposition or superposition images and provide benefits like motion detection, distance perception, and visual tracking. Some insects are sensitive to different colors and intensities of light. In addition to compound eyes, adult insects and larval hemimetabolous insects have dorsal ocelli while larval holometabolous insects have lateral stemmata for light perception. Some insects also have dermal or brain light receptors.Photoreception
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Photoreception involves the ability to detect light across the electromagnetic spectrum using light-sensitive organs like eyes. There are two main types of photoreceptors - ciliary and rhabdomeric. Photopigments contain a chromophore molecule like retinal that absorbs photons and changes shape, triggering signal transduction cascades in the photoreceptor cell. Eyes have evolved from simple eyespots in single cells to complex image-forming eyes like the vertebrate eye, which uses refraction by the cornea and lens to focus light onto the retina. In the retina, rods are more numerous and provide low-light vision while cones provide high-resolution color vision in bright light. The visual signal is then processedJAndrew/Compound eye.pptx
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Compound eyes are found in most adult insects and hemimetabolous insect larvae. They are constructed from many light-sensing units called ommatidia, each containing photoreceptor cells that form images. Ocelli are simple light-detecting organs that detect movement, with most insects possessing 3 dorsal ocelli on the head. Both compound eyes and ocelli transmit light signals to the brain via photoreceptor cells, interneurons, and neural connections, allowing insects to process visual information.PHOTORECEPTION. .......pptx
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This document summarizes photoreception and the different types of photoreceptors across animals. It discusses that photoreception involves light detection by specialized photoreceptor cells. Photoreceptors vary between animals and include cup-shaped eyes in flatworms, compound eyes made of ommatidia in arthropods, and rods and cones in vertebrates. The document also describes the molecular mechanisms of photoreception involving photopigments like rhodopsin and their signal transduction pathways, as well as differences between invertebrate and vertebrate neural transmission in light and dark conditions.Vision
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This document discusses the evolution of photoreception and vision. It describes the different types of photoreceptor cells and eyes that evolved in lower invertebrates including pigmented epithelia in corals, eye cups in flatworms, and lensed eyes in cubomedusae jellyfish. It then focuses on the advanced camera eyes that evolved independently in molluscs like cephalopods and the compound eyes of arthropods. The evolution of eyes is considered one of the best examples of convergent evolution, with estimates that eyes evolved over 40 times across different phyla utilizing similar genetic regulatory mechanisms.Vision
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This document discusses the evolution of photoreception and vision. It describes the different types of photoreceptor cells and eyes that evolved in lower invertebrates including pigmented epithelia in corals, eye cups in flatworms, and lensed eyes in cubomedusae jellyfish. It then focuses on the advanced camera eyes that evolved independently in molluscs like cephalopods and the compound eyes of arthropods. The evolution of eyes is considered one of the prime examples of convergent evolution, with estimates that eyes evolved over 40 times across different phyla utilizing similar genetic regulatory mechanisms.Color vision
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This document outlines the workshop "Science of the Eye Professional Development Workshop" presented by Ishara Mills-Henry, Ph.D. from MIT. The workshop covers color vision and the retina, vision and the brain, and includes activities to teach concepts like phototransduction, color blindness, and optical illusions. Feedback from participants will be gathered at the end to improve future workshops. The goal is to teach vision science concepts in an engaging way and address common misconceptions.Eye powerpoint
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This document summarizes a collaboration project on the anatomy, physiology, genetics, and evolution of the eye. It discusses the anatomy of the iris and pupil. It describes the physiology of vision including refraction, accommodation, and visual processing in the brain. It covers genetics of eye development including the role of the Pax6 gene. Finally, it discusses the evolution of light-sensitive proteins, development of simple eyes, and adaptations involving the lens, color vision, and eye movement.Tractatus vision system evolution in metazoan-RESEARCHGATE luisetto m et al 2020
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This document summarizes the evolution of vision systems in metazoans and discusses how understanding this evolution can help with regenerative medicine approaches. It traces how early light-sensing cells in simple organisms gradually evolved into advanced eye structures through environmental pressures and genetic changes over hundreds of thousands of generations. Key stages discussed include the development of eyespots, simple eye cups, advanced camera-style eyes, and compound eyes. Examining differences in eye structures and regeneration abilities across metazoan species can provide insight into why some advanced vertebrates lost retinal regeneration potential and ways to potentially restore this ability through targeting inhibitory factors.Visual Ecology Thomas W Cronin Snke Johnsen N Justin Marshall
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Animal vision nsta 102911
- 1. Through the eyes of an animal: how animals see Ishara Mills-Henry, Ph.D. Science of the Eye Program MIT
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- 7. What do animals see?
- 8. What do animals see?
- 9. The Retina From www.howstuffworks.com Retina
- 10. Retina Humans are considered trichromats Blue, Red, and Green Cone Photorecpetors Rod photoreceptors are important for vision in dim light
- 11. Rods Low light Cones Color vision Three Main Parts: a. Outer Segments b. Cell body c. Synaptic terminal
- 12. Visual Responses Optokinetic Response/Reflex Maintain image on retina stable Innate reflex Optomotor Response/Reflex Locomotive behavior Hypothesized to play a role in control of speed and direction of body movement Innate reflex Escape or Avoidance Response Avert danger Innate reflex Ability to test: Colors, Spatial frequency, and Motion detection
- 13. Observing our eye movements Umbrellas Groups of three One person twists an umbrella while the other tries to focus on the umbrella without moving their eyes. The third person can observe. The umbrella should have a pattern or make stripes on a solid color umbrella with tape
- 14. Eye movements (microsaccades) http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_eyeJitter/index.html from Pinna B & Spillmann L (2002) A new illusion of floating motion in depth. Perception 31:15011502. Involuntary eye movements This illusion makes us aware of the small movements our eyes make. Our eyes these movements even if we think we are focusing on an object. This is to prevent the photoreceptors in the retina from desensitizing. If photoreceptors desensitize they will no longer pass the signal to the brain of the object we are seeing. It would reduce the visibility of an object.
- 15. Drum lined with black and white stripes Light source illuminates drum
- 16. Optokinetic Response Vertebrates exhibit numerous reflex behaviors that are driven by visual stimuli. The OKR response encompasses smooth eye rotations which track moving patterns followed by sharp movements called saccades.
- 17. Optomotor Response Zebrafish ( http://baierlab.ucsf.edu/omr.html )
- 18. Escape or Avoidance Response
- 19. Compound Eyes From http://universe-review.ca/R10-33-anatomy.htm Repetitive facets called ommatidia Image formation probably more of a mosaic than individual images (But the glasses are still fun)
- 20. House crickets ( Acheta domesticus) Omnivorous scavengers Feed on organic materials, as well as decaying plant material, fungi, and some seedling plants Active mostly at night Have UV (332 nm), blue (445 nm), and green (515 nm) Habitat: Forest and grasslands See polarized light (navigation purposes) Detect visual cues for place memory
- 21. Phototaxis Movement towards or away from light
- 22. Drosophila Habitat: rotting fruit Phototaxis Eight photoreceptors arranged in a pattern Vision: myopic/poor spatial quality but able to detect movement quickly Smaller lenses captures less light
- 23. Mealworms/Darkling Beetles ( tenebrio moliter) Over 20,000 species Larval stages are used as a food source fish, reptiles, and birds. Adult darkling beetles active both day and night Habitat: burrows in grain Eat mostly vegetation fresh and decaying Spectral response 520 nm and 334 365 nm (UV) Do they exhibit negative or positive phototaxis? Does the larval stage behavior differ from the adult stage?
- 24. Planaria ( Schmidtea mediterranea) Flatworms Usually used to study regeneration Habitat: Under rocks in river beds Eye contains pigment and photoreceptor cells
- 25. Emperor Scorpions ( Pandinus imperator) Found in the tropical forests and savannas of Africa Docile, although can become territorial and cannibalistic Nocturnal hunts for prey at night Habitat: under rocks, logs, and other forest debris
- 26. Scorpion Fluorescence Scorpions fluorescence under UV light. Exoskeleton contains compounds that exhibit flourescence Recent studies suggested its for detection and avoidance of the UV light. Ability to discriminate between species? Mating, navigation, ?)
- 27. More Interesting Information Flight Simulator for flies? May yield info for Robot Vision http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5uPr_3SsHA&feature=player_embedded
- 28. What can animals with compound eyes teach us? Better Cameras and motion detection systems?
- 29. Measuring Responses Place electrode on eye Light stimulus flashes over the eye
- 30. Responses Ganglion Cell Spike Recordings a = Hyperpolarization of photoreceptors b = On- Bipolar cells depolarization d = OFF-Bipolar cells depolarization