Anti Protozoal final.pptx
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This document discusses anti-protozoal drugs used to treat amoebiasis. It describes three classes of intestinal amoebicides: tissue amoebicides that act in both the intestine and other tissues like emetine and metronidazole; those that only act in other tissues like chloroquine; and luminal amoebicides that act only in the intestine like diloxanide furate. It focuses on metronidazole, the prototype nitroimidazole drug, which has higher amoebicidal and anti-anaerobic activity. It explains that metronidazole is activated by anaerobic bacteria through nitro group reduction, inhibiting amoebic DNA
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This document discusses antiamoebic drugs used to treat protozoal infections caused by Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis. It describes several classes of antiamoebic drugs including luminal agents that act in the intestine (diloxanide furoate, iodoquinol, paromomycin), systemic agents that act throughout the body (metronidazole, tinidazole, chloroquine), and mixed agents that act both systemically and luminally (metronidazole). For each drug, it provides information on mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, dosages, and adverse effects. The document emphasizes that metronAmebiasis Agent
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2. Luminal amebicides like diloxanide furoate and iodoquinol act directly on the trophozoite and cyst forms in the intestines.
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Protozoa are single-celled organisms that can cause diseases like malaria, giardia, and amoebiasis. Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic amoeba responsible for causing amoebiasis, which generally occurs through fecal contamination of food and water. There are two main classes of anti-protozoal agents - tissue amebicides, which treat intestinal and extraintestinal infections, and luminal amebicides, which only treat intestinal infections. Common tissue amebicides include metronidazole, ornidazole, and tinidazole from the nitroimidazole class of drugs. Luminal amebicidesAnti-amoebic full
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Ion Exchange Chromatography.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
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Ion exchange chromatography is a separation process based on the reversible exchange of ions between a sample solution and an inert matrix containing cationic or anionic exchangers. Cationic exchangers attract positively charged cations, while anionic exchangers attract negatively charged anions, and this method is primarily performed through column chromatography. Its advantages include high efficiency in separating charged molecules, applicability to various charged species, and utility for both analytical and preparative laboratory purposes.carboxylic acids.ppt
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This document provides information on qualitative tests and structures and uses of various carboxylic acids. It describes litmus, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and ester tests to identify carboxylic acids. It also provides the structures and common uses of acetic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl phthalate, methyl salicylate, and acetyl salicylic acid. The uses described include industrial, medical, food/beverage, and other applications.Chemical reactions_alcohols.pptx
Chemical reactions_alcohols.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
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Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. They can undergo oxidation reactions where the alcohol is converted to an aldehyde or ketone with the loss of hydrogen atoms. Substitution reactions on alcohols involve replacing the hydroxyl hydrogen with another group like a halide to form alkyl halides.Methods of preparation_aldehyde and ketones.pptx
Methods of preparation_aldehyde and ketones.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
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Carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbon-oxygen double bond. They are prepared through oxidation reactions of primary alcohols to form aldehydes and secondary alcohols to form ketones. The author thanks the reader for their time.Chemical reactions_aldehyde and ketones.pptx
Chemical reactions_aldehyde and ketones.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
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The document discusses carbonyl compound reactions, specifically the benzoin condensation and Perkin condensation. The benzoin condensation involves the dimerization of two aromatic aldehydes using a cyanide ion catalyst to form an aromatic acyloin compound like benzoin. The reaction mechanism involves nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ion to one aldehyde, followed by rearrangement and addition to the second aldehyde producing benzoin after proton transfer and cyanide elimination. The Perkin condensation is also discussed but no details are provided.Str and Uses_aldehyde and ketones.pptx
Str and Uses_aldehyde and ketones.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
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The document summarizes the structures and uses of various carbonyl compounds including aldehydes and ketones. It describes 8 compounds - benzaldehyde, vanillin, cinnamaldehyde, formaldehyde, paraldehyde, acetone, chloral hydrate, and hexamine. For each compound, it provides the chemical structure and lists their main uses which range from use as flavoring agents and precursors to other chemicals to applications in cosmetics, plastics, paints, and medicine.Hybridisation and Method of preparation of alkenes.ppt
Hybridisation and Method of preparation of alkenes.pptNIDHI GUPTA
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Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond functional group. Ethylene (C2H4) is an example alkene. The carbon atoms in alkenes adopt sp2 hybridization, resulting in a flat structure with 120 degree bond angles between atoms. An alkene's double bond consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond between the carbon atoms, restricting rotation about the double bond.Method of Preparation of Amines.ppt
Method of Preparation of Amines.pptNIDHI GUPTA
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This document discusses the preparation and properties of amines. It describes four types of amines based on the number of carbons bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines can be prepared through ammonolysis reactions, where an amine or ammonia displaces a halide on a primary or methyl halide. This produces primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines depending on the starting material. Amines have relatively high melting and boiling points due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. They are basic and can turn litmus blue, with solubility in water depending on the carbon chain length.Chemical Reactions of Amines.ppt
Chemical Reactions of Amines.pptNIDHI GUPTA
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Primary amines react with alkyl halides to form secondary amines. Primary and secondary amines react with acyl halides and anhydrides to form amides through nucleophilic attack of the amine on the carbonyl group. Benzenesulphonyl chloride reacts with primary and secondary amines to form sulphonamides. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form alcohols, while secondary amines form oily nitrosoamines through the Libermann reaction. Tertiary amines form salts with nitrous acid. Amphetamine is a phenylethylamine used to treat ADHD, narcolepsy, and obesity.Str and Uses of alkyl halides.pptx
Str and Uses of alkyl halides.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
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This document summarizes information about various alkyl halides. It discusses the chemical structures, properties and uses of ethyl chloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloromethane, dichloromethane and iodoform. Many of these compounds are or were used as solvents, refrigerants, degreasers, paint strippers, dry cleaning fluids and disinfectants due to their volatility and ability to dissolve organic materials.Structure and Uses of different carboxylic acids.pptx
Structure and Uses of different carboxylic acids.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
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This document discusses the structures and uses of various carboxylic acids, including acetic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl phthalate, methyl salicylate, and acetyl salicylic acid. It outlines key industrial, medical, and household applications for each acid such as use in food/beverage production, pharmaceuticals, cleaning products, and agriculture.Chemical Reactions of Alkenes.pptx
Chemical Reactions of Alkenes.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
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Alkenes undergo general chemical reactions and their stability depends on the number of substituents. More substituted alkenes are more stable than less substituted ones due to a phenomenon called hyperconjugation. They also have a lower heat of hydrogenation. The stability of alkenes increases with more substituents.Chemical reactions of alkanes.pptx
Chemical reactions of alkanes.pptxNIDHI GUPTA
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The document summarizes the chemical reaction of chlorination of alkanes. It describes the reaction as a chain reaction, where (1) chlorine radicals are produced from chlorine molecules through homolytic fission initiated by heat or light. (2) The chlorine radicals react with methane to form methyl radicals and HCl molecules. (3) The methyl radicals react with chlorine molecules to form methyl chloride and new chlorine radicals. This sequence propagates the chain reaction until (4)-(6) termination steps form stable products and end the reaction.Hybridisatoion and Method of Preparation of alkanes.ppt
Hybridisatoion and Method of Preparation of alkanes.pptNIDHI GUPTA
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Alkanes are the simplest organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. They form single covalent bonds and have no functional groups. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 where n is the number of carbon atoms. Methane (CH4) is the first member and ethane (C2H6) is the second. Alkanes have sp3 hybridization giving them a tetrahedral molecular geometry. One method to prepare alkanes is through hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes which involves passing a mixture of the unsaturated hydrocarbon and hydrogen over nickel at high temperatures.Ad
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- 1. ANTI PROTOZOAL DRUGS By Dr. Nidhi Gupta MM College of Pharmacy MM (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala
- 2. ANTI AMOEBIC DRUGS TISSUE AMOEBICIDES: I. Both intestinal & extraintestinal Alkaloid: ? Emetine, Nitroimidazole ? Metronidazole ? Tinidazole dehydroemetine II. Extraintestinal only : Chloroquine ? Orindazole
- 3. Cont... III. LUMINALAMOEBICIDES: ? Amide : Diloxanide Furate ? 8-hydroxyquinolines: Quinidochlor, Iodoquinol. ? Antibiotics : Tetracyclines
- 6. METRONIDAZOLE ? Metronidazole – prototype of Nitroimidazole (1959) ? First introduced for trichomoniasis. ? Higher Amoebicidal activity and Anti Anerobic Activity (Bacteriocidal activity) ? Antiamoebic drugs : these are the drug which are active against the protozoan infection especially Entamoeba histalytica .
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- 8. Adverse Effects... ? Metallic taste, anorexia, nausea, and abdominal cramps, dryness of mouth, seizures .
- 9. MEDICAL USES – ? Amoebiasis ? Giardiasis ? Trichomoniasis ? Anaerobic infections : oral infections, post operative infection. ? Helicobacter pylori