Antibiotics
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1) Antibiotics are chemotherapeutic agents produced by microorganisms that suppress or kill other microorganisms. They work by exploiting biochemical differences between microbial and human cells. 2) Paul Ehrlich is considered the founder of chemotherapy for treating diseases like syphilis with synthesized chemical compounds in 1909. 3) There are several ways to classify antibiotics, including by their microbial source or target, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, chemical structure, or effect on microbes.
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2) Oral administration: Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V)
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1. Very narrow-spectrum, 硫-lactamase resistant penicillins ( Antistaphyloccal)
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a) Aminopenicillins
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油
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Cells including cancer cells and healthy cells reproduce during a process called the cell cycle. During the cycle, a cell copies its genetic material (DNA) and divides to form new cells. Healthy cells reproduce when needed and die when theyre no longer useful (apoptosis). Cancer cells, on the other hand, dont die. Instead, they multiply out of control and form tumors that can damage healthy tissue.
Chemotherapy drugs interfere with the cell cycle, killing cancer cells and preventing them from making more cancer cells. Various chemotherapy drugs use different methods to disrupt the cell cycle and fight cancer.
What do chemotherapy drugs treat?
Chemotherapy drugs are primarily used to treat cancer. Cancer specialists called medical oncologists often prescribe chemotherapy drugs, in addition to other cancer treatments like surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy to fight cancer.
Chemotherapy drugs may be used to treat conditions other than cancer, including:
Autoimmune diseases: With an autoimmune disease, cells in your immune system attack healthy tissue in your body. By preventing cells from multiplying, chemotherapy can slow the immune cells harming your body.
Blood disorders: Blood disorders include conditions that involve your bone marrow making abnormal blood cells. With certain blood disorders, you may need a stem cell transplant to replace abnormal blood cells with healthy ones. Chemotherapy is often given before a transplant to destroy abnormal cells and make room for healthy cells.
How common are chemotherapy drugs?
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What are the drugs used in chemotherapy?
Chemotherapy drugs are grouped based on their composition (what theyre made of) and how they destroy cancer cells. Some types of chemotherapy drugs work most effectively during specific phases of the cell cycle, while others kill cancer cells at all phases.
Your oncologist will consider the best timing to administer a chemotherapy drug and the optimal dosage when they plan your treatment.
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- 2. Antibiotics, Chemotherapeutic agents, anti-infective drugs, antimicrobial drugs Obtained from other microorganisms e.g. bacteria, fungi etc. OR Produced/derived from microorganisms used to suppress the growth or to kill the other microorganisms NOTE: All antibiotics are chemotherapeutic agents but not all chemotherapeutic agents are antibiotics.
- 3. Principle/Base of chemotherapy Known as concept of selective toxicity. Proposed by a scientist Paul Ehrlich in 1909. He is now a days considered as founder of chemotherapy. For the first time, he treated STD i.e. syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum by using arsphenamine or (salvarsan ). Biochemical difference between microbial cells and human cells provided base for chemotherapy.
- 4. Classes of antibiotics 1. Type (1) Nature of microbes/microorganisms 2. Type (2) Mechanism of action 3. Type (3) Nature of spectrum 4. Type (4) Chemistry/chemical structure 5. Type (5) Nature of action 6. Type (6) Source
- 5. Type (1) Nature of microbe/microorganisms a. Antibacterial therapy b. Antifungal therapy c. Antiviral therapy d. Antiparasitic therapy i. Antimalarial drugs ii. Antiamoebic drugs e. Antihelminths/ anthelmintic therapy
- 6. Type (2) Mechanism of action a. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors b. Cell membrane disruptor c. Protein synthesis inhibitors d. Folic acid synthesis inhibitors/ folate antagonists e. DNA, Nucleic acid synthesis/function inbitors
- 7. a. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors BC Beta lactam drugs. Caspofungins
- 8. b. Cell membrane disruptor APP Azole drugs Polyene drugs Polymyxin B
- 9. c. Protein synthesis inhibitors 30s ribosomal subunit inhibitor: AT Aminoglycosides Tetracyclins 50s ribosomal subunit inhibitor: LCM LS Lincosamides Chloramphenicol Macrolides Linezolid Streptogramin
- 10. d. Folic acid synthesis inhibitor/folate antagonist PTS Pyrimethamine Trimethoprim Sulphonamides
- 11. e. DNA, Nucleic acid synthesis/function Inhibitors Flouroquinolones Quinolones Anti malarial Anti TB Anti parasitic
- 12. Type (3) Nature of spectrum a. Very narrow spectrum b. Narrow spectrum c. Extended Spectrum
- 13. a. Very Narrow Spectrum Penicillinases Anti staphyloccal drugs
- 14. b. Narrow Spectrum Penicillin G (Benzyl Penicillin)
- 15. c. Extended Spectrum Wide Spectrum: ACA Ampicillin Clarithromycin Azithromycin Broad Spectrum: TC Tetracycline Chloramphenicol
- 16. Type (4) Chemistry/ Chemical Structure 1. -lactam antibiotics e.g. penicillin, cephalosporin, carbopenems, monobactam
- 19. 4. Nitrobenzene derivatives e.g. Chloramphenicol etc.
- 22. 7. Azole antibiotics e.g. Diazole (Clotrimazole, Metronidazole), Triazole etc.
- 23. 8. Polypeptides e.g. Polymyxin B 9. Glycopeptides e.g. vancomycin
- 24. Type (5) Nature of action a. Microbiostatic b. Microbicidal
- 25. a. Microbistatic Bacteriostatic: TCS Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Sulphonamides Fungistatic: AG Azole drugs Griseofulvin
- 26. b. Microbicidal Bactericidal: FB Fluoroquinolones Beta lactam drugs Fungicidal: Amphotericin B
- 27. Type (6) Source a. Microbiological origin b. Semisynthetic c. Synthetic
- 28. a. Microbiological origin Fungi: E.g. Penicillium species Bacteria: E.g. Bacillus species (Bacitracin) Soil: Streptomycetes, actinomycetes e.g. TMC Tetracyclines Macrolides Chloramphenicol
- 29. b. Semi Synthetic AC Aminopenicillin (amoxicillin) Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone)
- 30. c. Synthetic SF Sulphonamides (co trimoxazole) Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin) Certain anti TB Certain Antimalarial