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Antibiotics student ppt
- 1. ANTIBACTERIALS: Penicillins and Cephalosporins
- 2. Antibacterial Drugs What are antibiotics/antibacterials?
- 3. What is resistance? Antibiotic resistance: Educate patients! Get culture & sensitivity Use 1 antibiotic
- 4. Adverse Reactions Table on p. 426 Allergic reactions or hypersensitivity Mild Anaphylaxis Superinfection What causes this? Organ toxicity Involves ____________, __________, and even sometimes __________.
- 5. Penicillins Beta-lactam antibiotics Effective against gram ______ and some gram ________. Example: Penicillin V, amoxicillin (broad spectrum penicillin)
- 6. Penicillin Beta lactamase inhibitors Example: ______________ Most of these drugs are excreted by the ________, therefore, we monitor the ____ & ____________. (blood tests)
- 7. Penicillin Teaching May decrease birth control! Finish your medication!!!!!!!!!!! Drink plenty of fluids Wear id bracelet with allergy
- 8. A client is receiving amoxicillin (Amoxil). The nurse knows that the action of this drug is by: a.inhibition of protein synthesis b.alteration of membrane permeability c.inhibition of bacterial cell-wall synthesis d.alteration of synthesis of bacterial ribonucleic acid
- 9. The nurse knows that amoxicillin (Amoxil) is a penicillin. Knowledgeable about the different groups of penicillins, the nurse realizes that amoxicillin is in the _____ group. a.beta-lactamase inhibitor b.broad-spectrum penicillin c.extended-spectrum penicillin d.penicillinase-resistant penicillin
- 10. Cephalosporins Divided into four generations: First- inactivated by betalactamase Example: _________ Second- some are affected by betalactamase, broader coverage of gram negative bugs Example: __________ Third- resistant to betalactamase Example: __________ Fourth- resistant to betalactamase
- 11. Cephalosporins Teaching: FINISH your medication! Caution with PCN allergy. Eat yogurt if taking med for extended periods Can interfere with birth control Common GI complaints, take with food if needed.
- 12. ANTIBACTERIALS: Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, and Fluoroquinolones
- 13. Macrolides: Erythromycin Broad spectrum: most gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria Uses Respiratory and GI tract infection; sinuses, skin, and soft tissue infection Salts added to erythromycins
- 14. Action and Purposes Dosage regimen Side effects/adverse reactions Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, liver toxicity if taken with other hepatotoxic drugs, i.e., acetaminophen Examples Azithromycin (Zithromax), clarithromycin (Biaxin, Biaxin XL), dirithromycin (Dynabac), erythromycin (E-Mycin)
- 15. Lincosamides Bacteriostatic and bactericidal Dependent upon dosage Lincosamides Side effects/adverse reactions GI distress, rash, colitis, anaphylactic shock Drug interactions Aminophylline, phenytoin, barbiturates, and ampicillin
- 16. Vancomycin (Vancocin) Uses Staphylococcal infections Side effects/adverse reactions Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity Nursing interventions Serum vancomycin levels should be monitored
- 17. Tetracyclines History and action Broad spectrum Methods of administration Drug-food interactions: milk products, antacids, etc.
- 18. Tetracyclines (cont’d) Side effects/adverse reactions GI distress, photosensitivity, superinfection , nephrotoxicity in high doses Discolors permanent teeth: should not be given to children younger than 8 years of age Extended tetracycline group
- 19. Tetracyclines (cont’d) Short-acting Tetracycline (Achromycin) Intermediate-acting Demeclocycline, methacycline Long-acting Doxycycline hyclate (Vibramycin) May be taken with milk products and food
- 20. Aminoglycosides History (streptomycin) Use Action Drugs Amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, netilmicin, tobramycin Method of administration
- 21. Aminoglycosides (cont’d) Adverse reactions Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity Drug interactions Penicillins decrease aminoglycoside effectiveness, increase warfarin’s effect
- 22. Fluoroquinolones (Quinolones) Bactericidal Uses Drugs Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) Levofloxacin (Levaquin)
- 23. Fluoroquinolones (Quinolones) (cont’d) Side effects GI upset, rash, urticaria, tinnitus , superinfection, hematuria, crystalluria, photosensitivity
- 25. Antibacterials: Sulfonamides History Action Bacteriostatic Effectiveness against organisms Types of sulfonamides Short-acting sulfonamides: sulfisoxazole (Gantrisin) Intermediate-acting sulfonamides: sulfamethoxazole (Gantanol), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)
- 26. Antibacterials: Sulfonamides (cont’d) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) (also known as co-trimoxazole) Combination drug, trimethoprim and sulfa drug, sulfamethoxazole (intermediate-acting) Uses: Otitis media, urinary and respiratory infections, prostatitis
- 27. Antibacterials: Sulfonamides (cont’d) Side effects/adverse reactions GI distress, stomatitis, crystalluria, renal failure, photosensitivity, blood dyscrasias, Stevens-Johnson syndrome Client teaching Increase in fluid intake is important (at least 2000 mL/day) Avoid antacids with sulfonamides