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APA VI -presentation

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Gulrukh Rana
Gulrukh Rana

This document discusses various topics related to research ethics, including plagiarism, protecting research participants, maintaining confidentiality, conflicts of interest, intellectual property rights, the peer review process, and copyright. It defines plagiarism and self-plagiarism, and explains how to protect participants' rights and confidentiality. The document also covers determining authorship and order of authorship, handling conflicts of interest, and planning for overall ethical compliance from the early stages of research.

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PRESENTED BY GULRUKH RANA
Sr # TOPICS 1.10 PLAGIARISM SELF PLAGIARISM 1.11 PROTECTING THE RIGHTS & WELFARE OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS RIGHTS & CONFIDENTIALITY OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS PROTECTING CONFIDENTIALITY 1.12 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 1.13 PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLICATION CREDIT DEFINITION OF AUTHORSHIP DETERMINING AUTHORSHIP ORDER OF AUTHORSHIP 1.14 REVIEWERS 1.15 1.16 AUTHORS COPYRIGHT ON AN UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT PLANNING FOR ETHICAL COMPLIANCE TABLE OF CONTENTS
WHAT IS PLAGIARISM The act of using another person's words or ideas without giving credit to that person : the act of plagiarizing something. Researchers do not claim the words and ideas of another as their own; they give credit where credit is due. (APA Ethics Code Standard 8.11, Plagiarism). SELF PLAGIARISM : Just as researchers do not present the work of others as their own (plagiarism), they do not present their own previously published work as new scholarship (self-plagiarism) HOW TO AVOID IT : Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of another. Each time you paraphrase another author (i.e., summarize a passage or rearrange the order of a sentence and change some of the words), you need to credit the source in the text.
PROTECTING THE RIGHTS & WELFARE OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS Certification of standards: Rules need to be followed while conducting a research with humans and animals. Authors, regardless of field, are required to certify that they have followed these standards as a precondition of publishing their articles in APA journals. Failure to follow leads to rejection of the manuscript. (see http://www.apa.org/ journals; see also Figure 8.2, pp. 233234) Protecting Confidentiality: During case studies researchers are prohibited from disclosing information such as: Confidential Personally identifiable information concerning their patients. Individual or organizational clients, students, research participants. (APA Ethics Code Standard 4.07, Use of Confidential Information for Didactic or Other Purposes).
MAINTAINING CONFIDENTIALITY IN CASE STUDIES Two ways to maintain confidentiality during case studies: 1. Prepare the descriptive case material, present it to the subject of the case report, and obtain written consent for its publication from the subject. In doing so, however, one must be careful not to exploit ones client. 2. Disguise some aspects of the case material so that neither the subject nor third parties (e.g., family members, employers) are identifiable. Four main strategies have emerged for achieving this: (a) altering specific characteristics (b) limiting the description of specific characteristics (c) obfuscating case detail by adding extraneous material. (AMBIGIOUS) (d) using composites. (AMALGAM, COMBINATION) * Such disguising of cases is a delicate issue because it is essential not to change variables that would lead the reader to draw false conclusions related to the phenomena being described. (see APA Ethics Code of Standard 3.08, Exploitative Relationships).
MAINTAINING CONFIDENTIALITY IN CASE STUDIES Subject privacy, however, should never be sacrificed for clinical or scientific accuracy Cases that cannot adequately disguise identifiable subject information should not be submitted for publication.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST A COI occurs when individuals personal interests are in conflict with their professional obligations. Often this means that someone will profit personally from decisions made in his or her professional role. Holdings in a company through a mutual fund are not ordinarily sufficient to warrant disclosure, whereas salaries, research grants, consulting fees, and personal stock holdings would be.
Protecting Intellectual Property Rights 1.13 Publication Credit Definition of Authorship. Individuals should only take authorship credit for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed (APA Ethics Code Standard 8.12a, Publication Credit). Determining Authorship When a paper is accepted by an editor, each person listed in the byline must verify in writing that he or she agrees to serve as an author and accepts the responsibilities of authorship
ORDER OF AUTHORSHIP TWO OR MORE AUTHORS NAMES APPEAR IN THE BYLINE. The general rule is that the name of the principal contributor should appear first, with subsequent names in order of decreasing contribution, but this convention can vary from field to field. If authors played equal roles in the research and publication of their study, they may wish to note this in the author note (see section 2.03 for more information on author notes). Principal authorship and the order of authorship credit should accurately reflect the relative contributions of persons involved (APA Ethics Code Standard 8.12b, Publication Credit)
1.14 REVIEWERSDuring the review process, the manuscript is a confidential and privileged document. Editors & reviewers may not, without authors' explicit permission, quote from a manuscript under review or circulate copies of it for any purpose other than editorial review BLIND PEER REVIEW POLICY (NIP) (APA Ethics Code Standard 8.15, Reviewers; see section 8.01 for a detailed discussion of the peer review process).
AUTHORS COPYRIGHT ON AN UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT Authors are protected by federal statute against unauthorized use of their unpublished manuscripts. Under the Copyright Act of 1976 (title 17 of the United States Code), an unpublished work is copyrighted from the moment it is fixed in tangible formfor example, typed on a page. Copyright protection is "an incident of the process of authorship" (U.S. Copyright Office, 1981, Until authors formally transfer copyright (see section 8.05), they own the copyright on an unpublished manuscript, and all exclusive rights due the copyright owner of a published work are also due authors of an unpublished work. To ensure copyright protection, include the copyright notice on all published works (e.g., Copyright [year] by [name of copyright holder]). The notice need not appear on unpublished works; nonetheless, it is recommended that a copyright notice be included on all works, whether published or not. Registration of copyright provides a public record and is usually a prerequisite for any legal action.
Regardless of the type of article involved, attention to ethical concerns begins long before a manuscript is submitted for publication. Authors submitting a manuscript to an APA journal are required to submit a form stating their compliance with ethical standards for publication as well as a form disclosing any conflicts of interest (see Chapter 8, Figures 8.2 and 8.3, pp. 233235) once a manuscript is accepted. We encourage authors to consult these forms before beginning their research project and at regular intervals throughout the entire research process. Whether or not the work will be submitted to an APA journal, issues related to institutional approval, informed consent, deception in research, and participant protections should be carefully considered while the research is in the planning stages and may be the basis of questions for editors or reviewers. PLANNING FOR ETHICAL COMPLIANCE
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  • 2. Sr # TOPICS 1.10 PLAGIARISM SELF PLAGIARISM 1.11 PROTECTING THE RIGHTS & WELFARE OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS RIGHTS & CONFIDENTIALITY OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS PROTECTING CONFIDENTIALITY 1.12 CONFLICT OF INTEREST 1.13 PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLICATION CREDIT DEFINITION OF AUTHORSHIP DETERMINING AUTHORSHIP ORDER OF AUTHORSHIP 1.14 REVIEWERS 1.15 1.16 AUTHORS COPYRIGHT ON AN UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT PLANNING FOR ETHICAL COMPLIANCE TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • 3. WHAT IS PLAGIARISM The act of using another person's words or ideas without giving credit to that person : the act of plagiarizing something. Researchers do not claim the words and ideas of another as their own; they give credit where credit is due. (APA Ethics Code Standard 8.11, Plagiarism). SELF PLAGIARISM : Just as researchers do not present the work of others as their own (plagiarism), they do not present their own previously published work as new scholarship (self-plagiarism) HOW TO AVOID IT : Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of another. Each time you paraphrase another author (i.e., summarize a passage or rearrange the order of a sentence and change some of the words), you need to credit the source in the text.
  • 4. PROTECTING THE RIGHTS & WELFARE OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS Certification of standards: Rules need to be followed while conducting a research with humans and animals. Authors, regardless of field, are required to certify that they have followed these standards as a precondition of publishing their articles in APA journals. Failure to follow leads to rejection of the manuscript. (see http://www.apa.org/ journals; see also Figure 8.2, pp. 233234) Protecting Confidentiality: During case studies researchers are prohibited from disclosing information such as: Confidential Personally identifiable information concerning their patients. Individual or organizational clients, students, research participants. (APA Ethics Code Standard 4.07, Use of Confidential Information for Didactic or Other Purposes).
  • 5. MAINTAINING CONFIDENTIALITY IN CASE STUDIES Two ways to maintain confidentiality during case studies: 1. Prepare the descriptive case material, present it to the subject of the case report, and obtain written consent for its publication from the subject. In doing so, however, one must be careful not to exploit ones client. 2. Disguise some aspects of the case material so that neither the subject nor third parties (e.g., family members, employers) are identifiable. Four main strategies have emerged for achieving this: (a) altering specific characteristics (b) limiting the description of specific characteristics (c) obfuscating case detail by adding extraneous material. (AMBIGIOUS) (d) using composites. (AMALGAM, COMBINATION) * Such disguising of cases is a delicate issue because it is essential not to change variables that would lead the reader to draw false conclusions related to the phenomena being described. (see APA Ethics Code of Standard 3.08, Exploitative Relationships).
  • 6. MAINTAINING CONFIDENTIALITY IN CASE STUDIES Subject privacy, however, should never be sacrificed for clinical or scientific accuracy Cases that cannot adequately disguise identifiable subject information should not be submitted for publication.
  • 7. CONFLICT OF INTEREST A COI occurs when individuals personal interests are in conflict with their professional obligations. Often this means that someone will profit personally from decisions made in his or her professional role. Holdings in a company through a mutual fund are not ordinarily sufficient to warrant disclosure, whereas salaries, research grants, consulting fees, and personal stock holdings would be.
  • 8. Protecting Intellectual Property Rights 1.13 Publication Credit Definition of Authorship. Individuals should only take authorship credit for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed (APA Ethics Code Standard 8.12a, Publication Credit). Determining Authorship When a paper is accepted by an editor, each person listed in the byline must verify in writing that he or she agrees to serve as an author and accepts the responsibilities of authorship
  • 9. ORDER OF AUTHORSHIP TWO OR MORE AUTHORS NAMES APPEAR IN THE BYLINE. The general rule is that the name of the principal contributor should appear first, with subsequent names in order of decreasing contribution, but this convention can vary from field to field. If authors played equal roles in the research and publication of their study, they may wish to note this in the author note (see section 2.03 for more information on author notes). Principal authorship and the order of authorship credit should accurately reflect the relative contributions of persons involved (APA Ethics Code Standard 8.12b, Publication Credit)
  • 10. 1.14 REVIEWERSDuring the review process, the manuscript is a confidential and privileged document. Editors & reviewers may not, without authors' explicit permission, quote from a manuscript under review or circulate copies of it for any purpose other than editorial review BLIND PEER REVIEW POLICY (NIP) (APA Ethics Code Standard 8.15, Reviewers; see section 8.01 for a detailed discussion of the peer review process).
  • 11. AUTHORS COPYRIGHT ON AN UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT Authors are protected by federal statute against unauthorized use of their unpublished manuscripts. Under the Copyright Act of 1976 (title 17 of the United States Code), an unpublished work is copyrighted from the moment it is fixed in tangible formfor example, typed on a page. Copyright protection is "an incident of the process of authorship" (U.S. Copyright Office, 1981, Until authors formally transfer copyright (see section 8.05), they own the copyright on an unpublished manuscript, and all exclusive rights due the copyright owner of a published work are also due authors of an unpublished work. To ensure copyright protection, include the copyright notice on all published works (e.g., Copyright [year] by [name of copyright holder]). The notice need not appear on unpublished works; nonetheless, it is recommended that a copyright notice be included on all works, whether published or not. Registration of copyright provides a public record and is usually a prerequisite for any legal action.
  • 12. Regardless of the type of article involved, attention to ethical concerns begins long before a manuscript is submitted for publication. Authors submitting a manuscript to an APA journal are required to submit a form stating their compliance with ethical standards for publication as well as a form disclosing any conflicts of interest (see Chapter 8, Figures 8.2 and 8.3, pp. 233235) once a manuscript is accepted. We encourage authors to consult these forms before beginning their research project and at regular intervals throughout the entire research process. Whether or not the work will be submitted to an APA journal, issues related to institutional approval, informed consent, deception in research, and participant protections should be carefully considered while the research is in the planning stages and may be the basis of questions for editors or reviewers. PLANNING FOR ETHICAL COMPLIANCE