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APPERANTANCES in water sypply system for towns and city

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Asawari Pandharpatte
Asawari Pandharpatte

by Ar.A.S.Pandharpatte

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APURTENANCES IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
APURTENANCES- VALVES AND FITTINGS : In water works practice, to control the flow of water , to regulate pressures , to release or to admit air , to prevent flow of water in opposite dirsction and for so many other purposes valves are required Similarly in every house various types of fittings such as taps, bends, tees, sockets etc are required for the distribution and forming network of pipes inside the houses. Standard specifications for the most commonly used valves are published by India Standard Institution. 1) SLUICE-VALVES : Also known gate-valves , it controls the flow of water through pipes and are fixed in main lines bringing water from the source to a town at 3 to 5 kms intervals , thus dividing the pipeline line into different sections. Small sized valves are burried under-ground and can be operated from the surface through a stop box, larger valves are operated in under-ground chambers and are opened or closed through gearing .
2) PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES : The purpose of this to provide protection of life and property by venting fluid from an over pressurized vessel. most PRV are spring operated. At lower pressure some use a diaphragm in place of spring. It consist of a disc controlled by a spring which can be adjusted for any pressure When the pressure exceeds the desired pressure , the disc is forced off from its seat and excessive pressure is relieved through cross-pipe , after this the disc comes down automatically due to force of spring. A pressure relief valve is typically installed on a tee off a main supply pipeline.
3) CHECK VALVE : These are also called reflux valves or non- return valve and are automatic devices which allow water to flow in one direction and prevent it flowing In reverse direction 4) AIR-RELIEF VALVE : When water enters in pipe lines , it also carries some air with it which tends to accumulate at high points of the pipe. When the quantity of air increases it causes serious blockage to the flow of water therefore it is most essential to remove the accumulated air from the pipeline . Air relief valves are used for this valves
5) DRAIN VALVE : In the summit of mains , it is possible that some suspended impurities may settle down and cause obstruction to the flow of water . In the distribution system at dead ends , if water is not taken out it will stagnate and bacteria willbe borne in it . At summit of main pipe , a branch is taken off from the lowest point , in which drain-valve is fixed .When drain-valve is opened the water rushes out thus removing all the silt, clay etc from the main line HYDRANTS : These devices are used for tapping water from mains for fire extinguishing , street washing , watering gardens , flushing sewer lines .These are generally provided at all junctions of roads and at 100-130 meters apart along the roads. In case of fire breakout in a locality , the firefighting squad connect their hose with fire hydrant and do the extinguishing of the fire by srinkgling water over it.
METERS : To determine the quantity of water flowing through pipes some devices are required which are called meters . They measure the quantity of water supplied to the private houses, industries, public buildings , etc Meters are classified as follows a) The positive displacement type b) The velocity or inferential type Positive displacement type : These are used to measure small flow of water . These are designed on displacement principle and record the number of times a vessel of known volume is fitted and emptied. From this the rate of flow is calculated automatically
Velocity or inferential type : These are generally turbine type . They consist of a device by which a vane or propellar turns in direct ratio to the rate of flow of water around the propellar A Venturi flow meter is a type of differential pressure flow meter that generates a flow measurement by measuring the pressure difference at two different locations in a pipe. The pressure difference is created by reducing the diameter of the pipe causing the fluid to flow faster. The fast moving fluid has a lower pressure than the slower fluid in the larger section of the venturi.
ADVANTAGES OF METERING : The wastage of water is reduced giving financial saving to all The consumer have to pay only for the quantity of water they use actually The waste water survey can be done easily and careless consumers can be penalised The load on treatment are reduced DISADVANTAGES: The installation and maintenance of meters is costly Consumers use less quantity of water causing insanitary conditions
STOP COCK AND WATER -TAP : These are genarally provided inside the building and in streets for taking water . Street stand post s should be provided with self closing tap to prevent undue wastage of water . Stop cocks are provided in the pipeline after some interval s. In the buildings these are provided just inside or outside to stop the supply of water, whenever required during repairs or breakage in plumbing fittings. All the taps and stop cocks should be tested before use. They should be made of rust proof metal alloys.

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APPERANTANCES in water sypply system for towns and city

  • 2. APURTENANCES- VALVES AND FITTINGS : In water works practice, to control the flow of water , to regulate pressures , to release or to admit air , to prevent flow of water in opposite dirsction and for so many other purposes valves are required Similarly in every house various types of fittings such as taps, bends, tees, sockets etc are required for the distribution and forming network of pipes inside the houses. Standard specifications for the most commonly used valves are published by India Standard Institution. 1) SLUICE-VALVES : Also known gate-valves , it controls the flow of water through pipes and are fixed in main lines bringing water from the source to a town at 3 to 5 kms intervals , thus dividing the pipeline line into different sections. Small sized valves are burried under-ground and can be operated from the surface through a stop box, larger valves are operated in under-ground chambers and are opened or closed through gearing .
  • 3. 2) PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES : The purpose of this to provide protection of life and property by venting fluid from an over pressurized vessel. most PRV are spring operated. At lower pressure some use a diaphragm in place of spring. It consist of a disc controlled by a spring which can be adjusted for any pressure When the pressure exceeds the desired pressure , the disc is forced off from its seat and excessive pressure is relieved through cross-pipe , after this the disc comes down automatically due to force of spring. A pressure relief valve is typically installed on a tee off a main supply pipeline.
  • 4. 3) CHECK VALVE : These are also called reflux valves or non- return valve and are automatic devices which allow water to flow in one direction and prevent it flowing In reverse direction 4) AIR-RELIEF VALVE : When water enters in pipe lines , it also carries some air with it which tends to accumulate at high points of the pipe. When the quantity of air increases it causes serious blockage to the flow of water therefore it is most essential to remove the accumulated air from the pipeline . Air relief valves are used for this valves
  • 5. 5) DRAIN VALVE : In the summit of mains , it is possible that some suspended impurities may settle down and cause obstruction to the flow of water . In the distribution system at dead ends , if water is not taken out it will stagnate and bacteria willbe borne in it . At summit of main pipe , a branch is taken off from the lowest point , in which drain-valve is fixed .When drain-valve is opened the water rushes out thus removing all the silt, clay etc from the main line HYDRANTS : These devices are used for tapping water from mains for fire extinguishing , street washing , watering gardens , flushing sewer lines .These are generally provided at all junctions of roads and at 100-130 meters apart along the roads. In case of fire breakout in a locality , the firefighting squad connect their hose with fire hydrant and do the extinguishing of the fire by srinkgling water over it.
  • 6. METERS : To determine the quantity of water flowing through pipes some devices are required which are called meters . They measure the quantity of water supplied to the private houses, industries, public buildings , etc Meters are classified as follows a) The positive displacement type b) The velocity or inferential type Positive displacement type : These are used to measure small flow of water . These are designed on displacement principle and record the number of times a vessel of known volume is fitted and emptied. From this the rate of flow is calculated automatically
  • 7. Velocity or inferential type : These are generally turbine type . They consist of a device by which a vane or propellar turns in direct ratio to the rate of flow of water around the propellar A Venturi flow meter is a type of differential pressure flow meter that generates a flow measurement by measuring the pressure difference at two different locations in a pipe. The pressure difference is created by reducing the diameter of the pipe causing the fluid to flow faster. The fast moving fluid has a lower pressure than the slower fluid in the larger section of the venturi.
  • 8. ADVANTAGES OF METERING : The wastage of water is reduced giving financial saving to all The consumer have to pay only for the quantity of water they use actually The waste water survey can be done easily and careless consumers can be penalised The load on treatment are reduced DISADVANTAGES: The installation and maintenance of meters is costly Consumers use less quantity of water causing insanitary conditions
  • 9. STOP COCK AND WATER -TAP : These are genarally provided inside the building and in streets for taking water . Street stand post s should be provided with self closing tap to prevent undue wastage of water . Stop cocks are provided in the pipeline after some interval s. In the buildings these are provided just inside or outside to stop the supply of water, whenever required during repairs or breakage in plumbing fittings. All the taps and stop cocks should be tested before use. They should be made of rust proof metal alloys.