This article discusses the relationship between Modern Money as described by Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) and real goods and services production and creation.
Aggregate demand is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a given time and price level. It is the sum of consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. The aggregate demand curve slopes downward, showing that as price levels increase, aggregate output decreases. Aggregate supply is the total supply of goods and services in an economy. In the short run, the aggregate supply curve slopes upward as firms are slow to adjust prices and wages. In the long run, as costs fully adjust, the aggregate supply curve becomes vertical at the natural level of output. Keynesian economics emphasizes that economies may fail to reach full employment without government intervention, due to sticky wages and prices and a tendency for increased savings to reduce
Economics is defined as the social science that studies the choices individuals, businesses, governments, and societies make in response to scarcity and incentives. There are two main divisions of economics: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines choices at the individual and business level and their interactions in markets, while macroeconomics analyzes the performance of national and global economies at an aggregate level.
Microeconomics: Introduction and basic conceptsPie GS
Ìý
1.1 Meaning and definition of microeconomics
1.2 Basic microeconomic issues: scarcity, efficiency and
alternative uses of resources
1.3 Differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics
1.4 Opportunity cost, normative economics and positive
economics
1.5 Importance of microeconomics in business decision making
1.6 Economic models: meaning and use of economic models
This document provides an overview of key economic concepts. It defines economics as the study of trade-offs between scarce resources and human wants. All societies face the basic economic problem of deciding what to produce, how to produce it, and who receives goods and services. Economic systems include traditional, free market, planned, and mixed economies. Microeconomics studies individual units like consumers and firms, while macroeconomics looks at aggregates like national output and inflation. The document also discusses concepts like utility, costs of production, profits, markets, and equilibrium.
The document discusses several theories of economic growth including classical, neoclassical, and historical theories. It provides definitions of economic growth and outlines some key indicators used to measure growth such as GNP, GDP per capita, employment levels, and poverty rates. Some major economists discussed include Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, Harrod-Domar, Solow-Swan, and Schumpeter. Theories examined factors like population, capital accumulation, technology, and entrepreneurship that can influence long-term economic growth.
Microeconomics analyzes individual consumer and producer behavior and decision-making. It examines how prices are determined by supply and demand at the individual commodity level. Microeconomics also studies how factors of production like labor, capital, land, and entrepreneurship earn rewards in the form of wages, interest, rent, and profit. Additionally, it analyzes how resources can be allocated efficiently to maximize social welfare. Microeconomics uses analytical tools like demand and supply analysis to understand resource allocation, price determination, and policy impacts at the individual level.
This document provides an introduction to microeconomics. It defines economics as the study of how societies work to transform scarce resources into goods and services to satisfy unlimited human wants. It discusses how economics deals not just with resource allocation but also increasing productive capacity and factors that lead to fluctuations in resource utilization. The document then examines different definitions of economics, including as a science of wealth, material well-being, choice-making, and dynamic growth. It analyzes the merits and criticisms of defining economics as the science of wealth or material well-being.
2 introduction to microeconomics and macroeconomicsPrem Raj Bhatta
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This document provides an introduction to microeconomics and macroeconomics. It defines microeconomics as the study of small individual units like consumers, firms, and industries. Macroeconomics is defined as the study of aggregate economic quantities like overall output, employment, and price levels of the economy as a whole. The document also outlines some of the key concerns of microeconomics like how firms set prices and production levels, and how consumers allocate spending. For macroeconomics, it lists issues like unemployment, measuring national income, and economic fluctuations.
This document provides an overview of macroeconomics and the debate between free-market and Keynesian schools of thought. It discusses how Adam Smith developed ideas of free markets but John Maynard Keynes advocated government intervention to boost demand in response to the Great Depression. In the 1970s, Milton Friedman led a counter-revolution arguing excessive money supply and unions caused stagflation. Margaret Thatcher embraced free-market policies, but the 2007 crisis saw a return of Keynesian responses as the UK faced its worst recession since the 1930s.
Explain the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomicsMonzur Mishu
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The document explains the concepts of equilibrium, surpluses, and shifts in supply and demand. It defines equilibrium as the price where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. A surplus occurs when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded, resulting in a price above the equilibrium. The effects of changes in supply and demand are shown using diagrams: an increase in demand or supply shifts the curve right, raising the equilibrium price and quantity, while a decrease shifts it left, lowering price and quantity.
Difference between macro and micro economicsMaddali Swetha
Ìý
Microeconomics studies individual economic decision-making units like consumers, firms, and industries, while macroeconomics analyzes the economy as a whole in terms of aggregate supply and demand. The key difference is that microeconomics focuses on micro-level variables and macroeconomics focuses on macro-level or economy-wide variables. Microeconomics tools include supply and demand analysis and factor pricing, while macroeconomics tools include analyzing GDP, inflation, unemployment, and other indicators of overall economic performance. Both are important areas of economics that provide insights, though each operates at different levels of analysis.
This document outlines the key topics to be covered in an introductory econometrics course, including definitions, applications, and illustrations of econometrics. The course will define econometrics and statistics, explore how econometrics is used to test economic theories, estimate relationships, and make policy recommendations. Examples of applying econometrics to questions around class size and grades, racial discrimination in mortgage lending, taxes and cigarette smoking, and forecasting inflation will also be discussed to illustrate distinguishing econometrics from general statistics.
This document summarizes the key differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines individual markets and consumer behavior, while macroeconomics looks at aggregate variables for the whole economy. Specifically, microeconomics is concerned with supply and demand in individual markets, while macroeconomics focuses on monetary/fiscal policy and economic growth at the national level. A key difference is that microeconomics assumes markets will quickly reach equilibrium, but macroeconomics recognizes economies may remain in disequilibrium like during recessions.
The dimensions of the Nepalese economy consist of three main sectors: the agricultural sector (32% of GDP), industrial sector (13% of GDP), and service sector (55% of GDP). The dimensions can be analyzed through four interrelated facets: 1) the economic dimension looks at internal and external economic performance indicators like GDP, inflation, and fiscal policy; 2) the socio-economic dimension considers demographic factors like population size, urbanization, and migration; 3) the agricultural and industrial dimension reflects the country's production of goods and services; and 4) the economic development dimension involves government development plans, policies, and resource allocation across sectors. Together these four dimensions determine the overall strength of Nepal's economy.
This chapter introduces macroeconomics and the key issues it addresses such as economic growth, unemployment, inflation, and recessions. It discusses the tools macroeconomists use like economic models to study these issues and simplify complex realities. Models can have flexible or sticky prices to examine long-run or short-run economic behavior. The chapter provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the book.
Macroeconomics analyzes aggregate economic indicators like unemployment, growth, GDP and inflation. It studies how the overall economy behaves. Governments and businesses use macroeconomic models and analysis to inform economic policymaking and strategic planning. Three major concerns of macroeconomics discussed are inflation, output growth, and unemployment. Inflation refers to a general increase in the price level of goods and services in an economy over time.
This document discusses the history of supply-side economics from the physiocrats in the 18th century through modern supply-side theory developed by Robert Mundell and Arthur Laffer in the 1970s. It outlines key ideas in supply-side theory including that taxes reduce incentives to work, save, and invest, while redistribution policies discourage productivity. Supply-siders argue for prioritizing growth over redistribution by reducing tax rates to increase incentives.
Economics is the study of how societies allocate scarce resources to produce goods and distribute them among people. It examines issues like unemployment, inflation, and economic growth at the aggregate level. The development of macroeconomics was spurred by the failure of classical models to explain prolonged unemployment during the Great Depression. Key macroeconomic concepts include fiscal policy, monetary policy, and economic growth policies used by governments to influence output, employment, and prices at the national level. Macroeconomics analyzes the interaction of households, firms, governments, and the rest of the world in goods and services, labor, and financial markets.
This document provides an overview of macroeconomics, including definitions, objectives, and methods of measuring national income. It defines macroeconomics as studying an economy as a whole rather than individual markets. The objectives of macroeconomic policies are outlined as maximizing national income to raise living standards. Methods for computing national income are described as the product, income, and expenditure methods. Problems in measuring national income are also discussed. Key terms like gross domestic product, gross national product, and net national product are defined.
This document provides an introduction to microeconomics. It defines microeconomics as the study of individual economic units such as consumers, firms, and markets. The key topics of microeconomics discussed include consumption, production, exchange, distribution, product and factor pricing, and welfare economics. Microeconomics uses partial equilibrium analysis and focuses on price theory to understand how prices allocate resources and goods are distributed. It takes a "worm's eye view" of the economy by examining individual parts rather than the whole system.
Microeconomics studies individual economic decision-making units and markets, while macroeconomics analyzes the economy as a whole in terms of aggregates like total output, employment and prices. Both have limitations and need to be integrated to fully understand how the economy functions. The major economic problems revolve around efficiently allocating scarce resources to maximize satisfaction and profits while ensuring full employment and economic growth.
This document provides an overview of microeconomics and macroeconomics. It begins by defining microeconomics as dealing with individual economic units like consumers and firms, while macroeconomics analyzes aggregate measures for an entire economy such as gross national product and unemployment levels. Several economists' definitions of macroeconomics are also given emphasizing its focus on overall economic dimensions and goals of full employment and growth. The key differences between micro and macroeconomics are then outlined regarding the nature and objectives of their study as well as subject matter. Finally, some basic microeconomic issues are briefly described such as scarcity and choice, production methods, distribution, efficiency, resource utilization, and economic growth.
Difference between Micro Economics and Macro Economicsrprajat007
Ìý
Microeconomics studies individual economic decision-making units and specific markets, while macroeconomics analyzes the economy as a whole, including output, income, employment, inflation and trade. Microeconomics focuses on price determination and resource allocation, using supply and demand analysis. Macroeconomics examines macroeconomic variables such as GDP, unemployment and inflation, using tools like aggregate demand and supply. Microeconomics takes a bottom-up approach and macroeconomics a top-down one.
For full text article go to : https://www.educorporatebridge.com/economics/macro-vs-micro-economics/
This article on Macro vs Micro Economics attempts to analyze the differences between the two most important branches of Economics viz. Macro and Microeconomics and helps understand various economic issues and its effects on investors.
Devanayagam_Impact of Macroeconomic Variables on Global Stock MarketsDevanayagam N
Ìý
The document presents a study analyzing the impact of macroeconomic variables on global stock market performance. It tests the hypothesis that GDP growth, inflation, and unemployment significantly impact stock market indices. Regression models show GDP growth and inflation have a significant, direct relationship with stock market changes. The study concludes macroeconomic factors robustly explain parts of stock market performance, allowing better understanding and guidance for investors.
Microeconomics studies individual economic decision-making and the workings of individual markets, while macroeconomics analyzes the economy as a whole. Microeconomics focuses on supply and demand, pricing and output determination, resource allocation, and individual markets. The subject areas of microeconomics include product and factor markets, as well as theories of demand, production, costs, product pricing, distribution, and welfare economics. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, examines economy-wide phenomena such as national income, unemployment, inflation, economic growth, and international trade. The key concepts in macroeconomics include gross domestic product, fiscal and monetary policy, and the relationships between inflation, interest rates, and the business cycle. Both microeconom
Economics assignment help guide service in macro economics and micro economicsMaria Jones
Ìý
Economics is the study of various aspects that impact the market at micro level or macro level like production of goods and services along with their distribution and consumption.
The document provides an introduction to the field of economics. It defines economics as the study of how societies allocate scarce resources to produce goods and services. It also distinguishes between microeconomics, which examines individual components like industries and households, and macroeconomics, which examines the overall economy. The scientific approach in economics uses techniques like observation, analysis, and statistical analysis to understand economic phenomena. Some pitfalls to avoid in economic reasoning are failing to isolate variables, making post hoc fallacies, and committing the fallacy of composition. Economics studies scarcity and how it affects production and consumption. Economic knowledge can help individuals, societies, and policymakers.
2 introduction to microeconomics and macroeconomicsPrem Raj Bhatta
Ìý
This document provides an introduction to microeconomics and macroeconomics. It defines microeconomics as the study of small individual units like consumers, firms, and industries. Macroeconomics is defined as the study of aggregate economic quantities like overall output, employment, and price levels of the economy as a whole. The document also outlines some of the key concerns of microeconomics like how firms set prices and production levels, and how consumers allocate spending. For macroeconomics, it lists issues like unemployment, measuring national income, and economic fluctuations.
This document provides an overview of macroeconomics and the debate between free-market and Keynesian schools of thought. It discusses how Adam Smith developed ideas of free markets but John Maynard Keynes advocated government intervention to boost demand in response to the Great Depression. In the 1970s, Milton Friedman led a counter-revolution arguing excessive money supply and unions caused stagflation. Margaret Thatcher embraced free-market policies, but the 2007 crisis saw a return of Keynesian responses as the UK faced its worst recession since the 1930s.
Explain the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomicsMonzur Mishu
Ìý
The document explains the concepts of equilibrium, surpluses, and shifts in supply and demand. It defines equilibrium as the price where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. A surplus occurs when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded, resulting in a price above the equilibrium. The effects of changes in supply and demand are shown using diagrams: an increase in demand or supply shifts the curve right, raising the equilibrium price and quantity, while a decrease shifts it left, lowering price and quantity.
Difference between macro and micro economicsMaddali Swetha
Ìý
Microeconomics studies individual economic decision-making units like consumers, firms, and industries, while macroeconomics analyzes the economy as a whole in terms of aggregate supply and demand. The key difference is that microeconomics focuses on micro-level variables and macroeconomics focuses on macro-level or economy-wide variables. Microeconomics tools include supply and demand analysis and factor pricing, while macroeconomics tools include analyzing GDP, inflation, unemployment, and other indicators of overall economic performance. Both are important areas of economics that provide insights, though each operates at different levels of analysis.
This document outlines the key topics to be covered in an introductory econometrics course, including definitions, applications, and illustrations of econometrics. The course will define econometrics and statistics, explore how econometrics is used to test economic theories, estimate relationships, and make policy recommendations. Examples of applying econometrics to questions around class size and grades, racial discrimination in mortgage lending, taxes and cigarette smoking, and forecasting inflation will also be discussed to illustrate distinguishing econometrics from general statistics.
This document summarizes the key differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines individual markets and consumer behavior, while macroeconomics looks at aggregate variables for the whole economy. Specifically, microeconomics is concerned with supply and demand in individual markets, while macroeconomics focuses on monetary/fiscal policy and economic growth at the national level. A key difference is that microeconomics assumes markets will quickly reach equilibrium, but macroeconomics recognizes economies may remain in disequilibrium like during recessions.
The dimensions of the Nepalese economy consist of three main sectors: the agricultural sector (32% of GDP), industrial sector (13% of GDP), and service sector (55% of GDP). The dimensions can be analyzed through four interrelated facets: 1) the economic dimension looks at internal and external economic performance indicators like GDP, inflation, and fiscal policy; 2) the socio-economic dimension considers demographic factors like population size, urbanization, and migration; 3) the agricultural and industrial dimension reflects the country's production of goods and services; and 4) the economic development dimension involves government development plans, policies, and resource allocation across sectors. Together these four dimensions determine the overall strength of Nepal's economy.
This chapter introduces macroeconomics and the key issues it addresses such as economic growth, unemployment, inflation, and recessions. It discusses the tools macroeconomists use like economic models to study these issues and simplify complex realities. Models can have flexible or sticky prices to examine long-run or short-run economic behavior. The chapter provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the book.
Macroeconomics analyzes aggregate economic indicators like unemployment, growth, GDP and inflation. It studies how the overall economy behaves. Governments and businesses use macroeconomic models and analysis to inform economic policymaking and strategic planning. Three major concerns of macroeconomics discussed are inflation, output growth, and unemployment. Inflation refers to a general increase in the price level of goods and services in an economy over time.
This document discusses the history of supply-side economics from the physiocrats in the 18th century through modern supply-side theory developed by Robert Mundell and Arthur Laffer in the 1970s. It outlines key ideas in supply-side theory including that taxes reduce incentives to work, save, and invest, while redistribution policies discourage productivity. Supply-siders argue for prioritizing growth over redistribution by reducing tax rates to increase incentives.
Economics is the study of how societies allocate scarce resources to produce goods and distribute them among people. It examines issues like unemployment, inflation, and economic growth at the aggregate level. The development of macroeconomics was spurred by the failure of classical models to explain prolonged unemployment during the Great Depression. Key macroeconomic concepts include fiscal policy, monetary policy, and economic growth policies used by governments to influence output, employment, and prices at the national level. Macroeconomics analyzes the interaction of households, firms, governments, and the rest of the world in goods and services, labor, and financial markets.
This document provides an overview of macroeconomics, including definitions, objectives, and methods of measuring national income. It defines macroeconomics as studying an economy as a whole rather than individual markets. The objectives of macroeconomic policies are outlined as maximizing national income to raise living standards. Methods for computing national income are described as the product, income, and expenditure methods. Problems in measuring national income are also discussed. Key terms like gross domestic product, gross national product, and net national product are defined.
This document provides an introduction to microeconomics. It defines microeconomics as the study of individual economic units such as consumers, firms, and markets. The key topics of microeconomics discussed include consumption, production, exchange, distribution, product and factor pricing, and welfare economics. Microeconomics uses partial equilibrium analysis and focuses on price theory to understand how prices allocate resources and goods are distributed. It takes a "worm's eye view" of the economy by examining individual parts rather than the whole system.
Microeconomics studies individual economic decision-making units and markets, while macroeconomics analyzes the economy as a whole in terms of aggregates like total output, employment and prices. Both have limitations and need to be integrated to fully understand how the economy functions. The major economic problems revolve around efficiently allocating scarce resources to maximize satisfaction and profits while ensuring full employment and economic growth.
This document provides an overview of microeconomics and macroeconomics. It begins by defining microeconomics as dealing with individual economic units like consumers and firms, while macroeconomics analyzes aggregate measures for an entire economy such as gross national product and unemployment levels. Several economists' definitions of macroeconomics are also given emphasizing its focus on overall economic dimensions and goals of full employment and growth. The key differences between micro and macroeconomics are then outlined regarding the nature and objectives of their study as well as subject matter. Finally, some basic microeconomic issues are briefly described such as scarcity and choice, production methods, distribution, efficiency, resource utilization, and economic growth.
Difference between Micro Economics and Macro Economicsrprajat007
Ìý
Microeconomics studies individual economic decision-making units and specific markets, while macroeconomics analyzes the economy as a whole, including output, income, employment, inflation and trade. Microeconomics focuses on price determination and resource allocation, using supply and demand analysis. Macroeconomics examines macroeconomic variables such as GDP, unemployment and inflation, using tools like aggregate demand and supply. Microeconomics takes a bottom-up approach and macroeconomics a top-down one.
For full text article go to : https://www.educorporatebridge.com/economics/macro-vs-micro-economics/
This article on Macro vs Micro Economics attempts to analyze the differences between the two most important branches of Economics viz. Macro and Microeconomics and helps understand various economic issues and its effects on investors.
Devanayagam_Impact of Macroeconomic Variables on Global Stock MarketsDevanayagam N
Ìý
The document presents a study analyzing the impact of macroeconomic variables on global stock market performance. It tests the hypothesis that GDP growth, inflation, and unemployment significantly impact stock market indices. Regression models show GDP growth and inflation have a significant, direct relationship with stock market changes. The study concludes macroeconomic factors robustly explain parts of stock market performance, allowing better understanding and guidance for investors.
Microeconomics studies individual economic decision-making and the workings of individual markets, while macroeconomics analyzes the economy as a whole. Microeconomics focuses on supply and demand, pricing and output determination, resource allocation, and individual markets. The subject areas of microeconomics include product and factor markets, as well as theories of demand, production, costs, product pricing, distribution, and welfare economics. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, examines economy-wide phenomena such as national income, unemployment, inflation, economic growth, and international trade. The key concepts in macroeconomics include gross domestic product, fiscal and monetary policy, and the relationships between inflation, interest rates, and the business cycle. Both microeconom
Economics assignment help guide service in macro economics and micro economicsMaria Jones
Ìý
Economics is the study of various aspects that impact the market at micro level or macro level like production of goods and services along with their distribution and consumption.
The document provides an introduction to the field of economics. It defines economics as the study of how societies allocate scarce resources to produce goods and services. It also distinguishes between microeconomics, which examines individual components like industries and households, and macroeconomics, which examines the overall economy. The scientific approach in economics uses techniques like observation, analysis, and statistical analysis to understand economic phenomena. Some pitfalls to avoid in economic reasoning are failing to isolate variables, making post hoc fallacies, and committing the fallacy of composition. Economics studies scarcity and how it affects production and consumption. Economic knowledge can help individuals, societies, and policymakers.
Economics is the social science that studies how individuals, governments, firms, and nations make choices on allocating scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. The document provides an overview of key concepts in economics including:
- Microeconomics examines individual agents and markets and how they interact, while macroeconomics analyzes issues affecting the entire economy such as growth, unemployment, and policies.
- Other distinctions include positive economics which describes what is, normative economics which advocates what ought to be, and differences between theories.
- Economic analysis can be applied throughout society in areas like business, education, crime, and the environment. The ultimate goal is improving living conditions.
The document outlines principles of economics
Economics deals with more than just money. It concerns the production and consumption of goods and services, and how limited resources are used to meet unlimited wants. There are three types of economic systems - command, market, and mixed economies. Command economies involve central government planning, while market economies give individuals and businesses more freedom. Mixed economies combine aspects of both. Understanding economics helps explain decisions at both individual and national levels.
The document provides an overview of three main types of economic systems: command economy, market economy, and mixed economy. It explains that a command economy involves major economic decisions being made by the government, while a market economy gives businesses and consumers more freedom to make decisions with limited government involvement. A mixed economy combines elements of both command and market economies. The document also provides examples of countries that utilize different economic systems and notes that some developing countries are moving toward more market-based systems.
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Narrative Essay Example For Middle SchoolNikki Wheeler
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While it is a good time for Jules Kroll to enter the credit ratings business due to lost confidence in the major agencies, it may not be a good idea due to the strong competition. The major strengths are Kroll's experience and reputation, but there are significant threats from the entrenched major agencies and new entrants. Overall, the competitive environment makes success uncertain for a new ratings agency.
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Notes: Industrial And Technology Management (TE Electrical Engineering) Unit I (University of Pune)
Topics Covered: Economics, Micro-economics and Macro-economics, Theory of Supply and Demand, Forecasting, Management, Business Ownership, Organisation Structure
The document discusses Austrian Business Cycle Theory, which argues that business cycles are caused by central bank intervention through lowering interest rates and expanding the money supply. This artificially stimulates the economy by making credit appear more abundant than savings allow, leading to malinvestment and an unsustainable boom that must eventually bust when investments fail. By contrast, proponents of Austrian economics believe that a laissez-faire approach without government intervention would mitigate the business cycle by allowing market prices and the natural interest rate to clear supply and demand.
The document provides information about the Economics for Business Afterschoool programme, which aims to develop social entrepreneurs. It is the world's most comprehensive programme in social and spiritual entrepreneurship, offered both fully online and through weekend classes. The 3-year programme covers topics like rural development, education, social work, and more. It has flexible specializations and is designed to help students start their own businesses or social projects while earning an income.
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Aquinum's razor a theory of economics what is the relationship of money to the production process (i.e
1. 1/7/14 Aquinum's Razor: A Theoryof Economics: What is the relationship of moneyto the production process (i.e., production of goods and services)?
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About Me
MA N SOOR H. KHA N
I am a Pakistani
Am erican im m igrant to
the U.S. I hav e been a
U.S. Citizen since 1 9 7 8. I
am an Electrical Engineer
by training (Bachelor of
Engineering from Stev ens
SUN DA Y, A UGUST 7 , 2 01 1
What is the relationship of money to the production
process (i.e., production of goods and services)?
The real issue in most discussions about money (MMT, debt, high
powered money, fractional reserve money, gold standard, etc) is the
question that is rarely fully discussed:
What is the relationship of money to the production process (i.e.,
production of goods and services)?
I believe this question needs to be answered fully and clearly and un-
ambiguously by economics before "money"can be fully understood.
I will take a stab at this question here:
Just imagine in your mind entrepreneurs, factories and labor turning
raw materials into finished goods (e.g., production of "loaves of
bread"). How does currency relate to this picture. I would suggest to
you that there are three primary relationships the production
process has to currency.
They are:
1. By spending currency consumers generate demand. Demand is
basically information (signals) which tells entrepreneurs what to
produce and how much to produce (spending generates demand).
2. Currency allows efficient trading of raw materials, labor and
finished goods and services between businesses and between
businesses and consumers (this is trading). Trading is exchanging
one’s produced output for produced output of another person.
3. Entrepreneurs and labor can and do work and produce real goods
and services just for acquiring currency itself with the expectation of
purchasing real goods and services later (this is savings).
Item number one above (generation of demand) and two above
(efficient trading) are not hard to understand. The last statement
(savings) is where the confusion lies. Let us go back to the image of
entrepreneurs, factories and labor turning raw materials into finished
goods. Now with this image of production in mind what is savings?
Savings is that portion of production (excess "loaves of bread"
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Aquinum's Razor: A Theory of Economics
In-depth analysis of the relationship between money, inflation, banking, credit, and gold,
production of goods & services and other topics relating to economics.
2. 1/7/14 Aquinum's Razor: A Theoryof Economics: What is the relationship of moneyto the production process (i.e., production of goods and services)?
aquinums-razor.blogspot.com/2011/08/what-is-relationship-of-money-to.html 2/5
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produced) which is not consumed or traded for other real goods and
services immediately. Notice, when it comes to savings the acquirer
of currency (the saver) does not care whether it is freshly printed by
the government or whether someone who previously saved it is
giving it to them in exchange for real goods and services.
If these savings are not "used up"then we will have deflation. In this
case deflation is a signal to producers to produce less (and thereby
causing the economy to run below capacity).
This is where the philosophical divide exists. Should the government
step in and spend money (borrowed or printed) to "use up"the excess
productive capacity of the economy for social good?
The reverse is also true. If the economy heats up and private
spending causes inflation should the government tax and destroy
money and reign in inflation?
It seems to me that we as a society which cherishes private
management of economic resources have not settled on the above
two questions.
Why is printing money (via the FED) and "spending"it into the
economy is a problem if unused capacity of the economy is being
"used up"for social good?
In the end what really matters is productive capacity of the economy.
Monetary system is an accounting and control system to manage the
production system (i.e., the real economy).
Our monetary system is an accounting system in a sense it keeps
track of (and limits) who is "allowed"to spend (i.e., "use-up") what
portion of the available productive capacity. It is a control system
because it can be used to "reign"in spending when spending outpaces
production capacity (i.e., inflation ensues) via the FED's open market
operations or we may even need to tax and "destroy"money in order
to reign in inflation.
Y es. There is a lot of central planning involved in our "fiat"monetary
system.
A factory does not care how much national debt exists or what our
unfunded liabilities are or even how much private debt exists the
factory is perfectly capable of producing "goods and services"no
matter what all these accounting entries say.
Long term we have to teach humanity that in a money economy Say’s
law is not true (or anywhere near it). What workers get paid and even
what business owners make even if completely spent is not sufficient
to use-up (liquidate) the production capacity of a modern economy.
That is what banks do they issue credit (new currency) to use-up this
slack capacity of the economy. But there is no reason to have banks
do this (this is what leads to recessions/depressions) as peak credit
causes no more ability to borrow and lowered production of goods
and services due to lowered demand (spending).
For centuries banks have propagated this lie. The proper thing to do
is to come up with an acceptable way to measure inflation and let the
3. 1/7/14 Aquinum's Razor: A Theoryof Economics: What is the relationship of moneyto the production process (i.e., production of goods and services)?
aquinums-razor.blogspot.com/2011/08/what-is-relationship-of-money-to.html 3/5
government (not banks) use-up the slack capacity of the economy for
social good which could include regular monthly checks to the
citizenry.
Posted by Mansoor H. Khan at 1:17 AM
6 comments:
joebhed said...
Monsoor
Just wanted to thank you for your commentary, both here and at
NakedCapitalism on the subject, really, of what is wrong with this
monetary economic picture.
I hope that you have also followd my links to GGerman Prof Dr.
Bernd Senf:
http://blip.tv/file/4111596
Japanese monetary economist Dr, Kaoru Y amaguchi:
http://www.old.monetary.org/yamaguchipaper.pdf
and the new Bill by Dennis Kucinich..
http://kucinich.house.gov/UploadedFiles/NEED_Act_FINAL_11
2th.pdf
Y ours,
joe bongiovanni
feel free to contact me at joebhed@verizon.net.
September 25, 2011 at 4:48 PM
Approved to Share said...
I'm thrilled that I stumbled upon your blog after typing "we need a
new banking system"into google, and following a few links.
I'm quite interested on your take in regards to which direction the
world is spinning, now with the Global Occupation Movement.
I'd love to talk, whether in email, vid conference or (preferably) in
person. I'm a conscientious, international, multicultural,
university student at The Kogod School of Business at American
University in Washington DC.
My email is adungcs@gmail.com, I hope to hear from you.
October 18, 2011 at 3:48 AM
Suceso financiero said...
Flaw..
4. 1/7/14 Aquinum's Razor: A Theoryof Economics: What is the relationship of moneyto the production process (i.e., production of goods and services)?
aquinums-razor.blogspot.com/2011/08/what-is-relationship-of-money-to.html 4/5
off the bar you think deflation is bad. Do you prefer to pay more
for goods and services? Y ou may conveniently answer yes if you
like.
Back to reality. The savings do not need to be stolen, I mean used
up as you put it.
Y ou are trying to defend the little guy by stealing from them. Y ou
also think stealing from producers will motivate them to produce
more. Poor confused soul... Wake up man...
June 9, 2013 at 11:02 AM
Suceso financiero said...
Y ou got 1 point accurate. Savings are excess goods and services
stores in the currency.
Leaving the savings to their rightful owners motivates production.
The excess savings can be used to demand other goods and
services.
Currency is nothing but cups holding the savings. The content in
the cups will simply dilute by adding more cups.
How folks with advanced degrees cannot figure this out says much
about our education system.
If adding more currency was an economic benefit, counterfeiting
would be legal.
June 9, 2013 at 11:20 AM
vic marcucci said...
The content in the savings cups will NOT dilute if the cups of
mechanical efficiency can keep up, which in a modern economy is
the reality.
It takes two to tango. Looking only at one thing as you do is an
error. Y ou have to look at both sides of the picture. As long as
supply can keep up with demand there is no problem, actually it's
a solution!
June 9, 2013 at 12:20 PM
Suceso financiero said...
Y ou are the one looking at one side. Y ou think diluting keeps
things going?
Than why has our output been falling year after year while the
amount of currency expanded? Hint, people are not stupid
morons and do not like being robbed.
5. 1/7/14 Aquinum's Razor: A Theoryof Economics: What is the relationship of moneyto the production process (i.e., production of goods and services)?
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