This document provides an overview of heat and masonry heaters. It discusses the chemical reaction of burning wood and secondary combustion. It defines a masonry heater as a solid-fueled heating device constructed of masonry materials that stores heat from intermittent fires in its structure for slow release. The document outlines the materials used in masonry heaters, their effectiveness and efficiency. It also discusses chimneys and how the stack effect allows them to work by using pressure differences created by temperature to move air.
The history of education in Estonia dates back to the 14th century with the establishment of the first cathedral schools. The first university, the University of Tartu, was founded in 1632. One of the biggest contributors was Bengt Gottfried Forselius, who established the first institution to provide lectures in the Estonian language mixed with Latin. The education system is divided into four levels - pre-school, basic, secondary, and higher education. After graduating from basic education, students can choose to attend secondary school or vocational school, with only 18% choosing secondary school. Higher education includes universities and schools of applied sciences.
The document provides information about Estonian culture, including its theatre, music, cinema, and films. It notes that the national theatre was established in the 19th century, with the Vanemuine and Estonia becoming the most famous theatres. Estonians have a strong theatre-going culture, regularly attending performances. It also discusses the history of Estonian folk music and singing traditions, prominent modern artists, and the country's film industry.
Estonia's national art began developing in the 19th century led by Johann K旦ler, the first professional artist. In 1919, the Premium School of Art called Pallas was founded in Tartu to further artistic development. Most Estonians are either atheist or Lutheran, with a minority being Eastern Orthodox or other religions. The tallest building in Estonia, and formerly in Europe, is the Oleviste Church in Tallinn named after a Norwegian king. Estonian literature was founded by Kristjan Jaak Peterson and includes works like the epic poem "Kalevipoeg", while current prominent writers include Andrus Kivir辰hk.
This document summarizes the history of Estonia from 9000 BC to present day. It notes that the oldest archaeological evidence of human beings in Estonian territory dates back 9000 years BC. From the 13th-14th centuries, a vast settlement of Coastal Swedes formed along the western coast of Estonia. Northern Estonia fell under Swedish power in 1561. In 1802, the university in Tartu resumed activities after being evacuated during a war. From the mid-19th century through the late 19th century was a period of Estonia's "National Awakening" which laid the foundations for Estonian culture. Estonia declared independence in 1918 but was occupied by Germany, then
3. Geograafiline asukoht
Pealinn: Buenos Aires
Argentina on hispaaniakeelne riik L探una-Ameerika
l探unaosas Andide ja Atlandi ookeani vahel. Ta piirneb
Uruguay, Brasiilia, Paraguay, Boliivia ja Tiiliga.
Pindala: Argentina pindala on 2 766 890 km族, sealhulgas
vett 1,1%. Ta on maailma riikide seas pindalalt
kaheksandal kohal. Argentina pretendeerib lisaks veel
ligi 1 000 000 km族 alale Antarktisel ja Falklandi saartele.
4. Olulisemad Faktid
Rahvaarv : 40 117 100 (2010)
President: Christina Fern叩ndez de Kirchner
Argentiina iseseisvus Hispaania alt 9. juulil 1816
Raha端hik: peeso
Argentina nimi tuleneb ladinakeelsest s探nast argentum
(h探be), sest v辰辰rismetall ajendas Argentina
koloniseerimist
Kolmandik kuni pool Argentina ekspordituludest tuleb
p探llumajandusest. Argentina on ka maailma suurim
sojatootja. Ning ka maailma 5. veinitootja.
5. Ajalugu
Enne eurooplaste saabumist elasid t辰nap辰eva Argentina
aladel h探redalt paiksed ja poolpaiksed indiaani h探imud:
araukaanid, guraniid, kollad ja teised (kokku 端le 30
h探imur端hma).15. saj. maa p探hjaosa 端ritasid vallutada
inkad. Eurooplased saabusid Argentina piirkonda 1502
Amerigo Vespucci reisiga.
6. Levinumad usundid
Enamik (92%) tunnistab katoliku usku, protestante on
2% ja judaiste 2%. Enamik rahvastikust tunnistab k端ll
katoliku usku, kuid t探siusklikke on neist u. 20%
7. Muusikale iseloomulikud
jooned
Rahvamuusikas avaldub tugev hispaania m探ju.
Iseloomulik on 3/4- ja 6/8-taktim探探du vaheldumine.
Laule esitatakse sageli kitarri saatel.
Levinumad instrumendid on kitarr, bandoonium
(kontsertiina t端端p), bombo leg端ero (puust trumm, mis on
kaetud kitse-, lehma- v探i lambanahaga), erkencho
(Argentiina klarnet) ja pifilka (aukudeta fl旦旦t).
9. Tango
Tango on 19. sajandil l探pul Argentina suurlinnade
Buenos Airese ja Montevideo alamklasside seas
s端ndinud tants. Tangot tantsiti orkestri saatel, kuhu
traditsioonoliselt kuulusid viiul, klaver, fl旦旦t, kitarr,
akordion. Tangos on tunda hispaania tantsude fandango,
flamenko ja Kuuba-Hispaania p辰ritolu habaneera
m探jutusi. 4/4-taktim探探dus tants on iseloomulikult
sensuaalne ja dramaatiline, kinnises tantsuv探ttes on
端lakehad kontaktis, sammud ja (pea)p旦旦rded on j辰rsud
ning teravad. Tango kuulub Ladina-Ameerika
v探istlustantsude hulka.
10. Tuntud Heliloojad
Carlos Gardel (1890-1935)
Carlos Gardel oli laulja, helilooja ja n辰itleja, kuid just tango
laulude kirjutamise ja esitamisega sai ta kuulsaks.
Koos Alfredo Le Pregaga kirjutas ta mitu, n端端dseks
klassikuteks kujunenud tango kompositsioone.
Gardel suri lennu探nnetuses oma karj辰辰ri tipus.
Astor Piazzolla (1921-1992)
Piazzolla oli tuntud helilooja, akordioni ja band転o m辰ngija.
Ta muutis t辰ielikult arusaami tangost, loodes uue stiili nuevo
tango lisades elemente jazzist ja klassikalisest muusikast.
Ta on ka 端he k探ige kuulsama tango muusikapala
Libertango looja.
11. Tuntud Lauljad
Ricardo Montaner (s端ndinud Hector Eduardo
Reglero Montanerina 8. septembril 1957) on
Venezuela ja Argentina laulja ja laulukirjutaja.
Alustades oma karj辰辰ri 70 l探pus, ta on juba praegu
v辰lja andnud rohkem kui 15 albumit ning m端端nud
端le 22 miljoni plaadi
Facundo Cabral (22. mai 1937 - juuli 9, 2011) oli
Argentina laulja ja laulukirjutaja. Ta oli tuntud kui
helilooja. Cabral lasti maha tuuri k辰igus Guatemala
linnas kui ta oli parasjagu teel La Aurora
rahvusvahelisse lennujaama