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Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 2
• Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and diverse
set of systems that can replicate human decision making
for certain types of well-defined problems
• Define the term artificial intelligence and state the
objective of developing artificial intelligence systems
• List the characteristics of intelligent behavior and compare
the performance of natural and artificial intelligence
systems for each of these characteristics
• Identify the major components of the artificial intelligence
field and provide one example of each type of system

• Expert systems can enable a novice to perform at the
level of an expert but must be developed and maintained
very carefully
• List the characteristics and basic components of expert
systems
• Identify at least three factors to consider in evaluating the
development of an expert system
• Outline and briefly explain the steps for developing an
expert system
• Identify the benefits associated with the use of expert
systems

• Virtual reality systems have the potential to reshape the
interface between people and information technology by
offering new ways to communicate information, visualize
processes, and express ideas creatively
• Define the term virtual reality and provide three examples
of virtual reality applications

• Specialized systems can help organizations and
individuals achieve their goals
• Discuss examples of specialized systems for
organizational and individual use

An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (AI): the ability of computers to
mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain
• Artificial intelligence systems: people, procedures,
hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to
develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate
the characteristics of intelligence

The Nature of Intelligence
• Learn from experiences and apply knowledge acquired
from experience
• Handle complex situations
• Solve problems when important information is missing
• Determine what is important
• React quickly and correctly to a new situation

The Nature of Intelligence (continued)
• Understand visual images
• Process and manipulate symbols
• Be creative and imaginative
• Use heuristics

Table 11.1: A Comparison of Natural
and Artificial Intelligence

Figure 11.1: A Conceptual Model of
Artificial Intelligence

Expert Systems
• Hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes
inferences, similar to a human expert
• Used in many business applications

Robotics
• Mechanical or computer devices that perform tasks
requiring a high degree of precision or that are tedious or
hazardous for humans
• Robots are essential components of today’s automated
manufacturing and military systems
• Future robots will find wider applications in banks,
restaurants, homes, doctor offices, and hazardous working
environments

Vision Systems
• The hardware and software that permit computers to
capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures
• Used by the U.S. Justice Department to perform
fingerprint analysis
• Can be used in identifying people based on facial features
• Can be used in conjunction with robots to give these
machines “sight”

Natural Language Processing
• Processing that allows the computer to understand and
react to statements and commands made in a “natural”
language, such as English
• Three levels of voice recognition
• Command: recognition of dozens to hundreds of words
• Discrete: recognition of dictated speech with pauses
between words
• Continuous: recognition of natural speech

Learning Systems
• A combination of software and hardware that allows the
computer to change how it functions or reacts to
situations based on feedback it receives
• Learning systems software requires feedback on the
results of actions or decisions
• Feedback is used to alter what the system will do in the
future

Neural Networks
• A computer system that can simulate the functioning of a
human brain
• The ability to retrieve information even if some of the
neural nodes fail
• Fast modification of stored data as a result of new
information
• The ability to discover relationships and trends in large
databases
• The ability to solve complex problems for which all the
information is not present

Other Artificial Intelligence Applications
• Genetic algorithm: an approach to solving large,
complex problems in which a number of related
operations or models change and evolve until the best one
emerges
• Intelligent agent: programs and a knowledge base used
to perform a specific task for a person, a process, or
another program

An Overview of Expert Systems:
Characteristics and Limitations of an
Expert System
• Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions
• Can display “intelligent” behavior
• Can draw conclusions from complex relationships
• Can provide portable knowledge
• Can deal with uncertainty

Expert System (continued)
• Not widely used or tested
• Difficult to use
• Limited to relatively narrow problems
• Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge
• Possibility of error

Expert System (continued)
• Cannot refine its own knowledge
• Difficult to maintain
• May have high development costs
• Raise legal and ethical concerns

When to Use Expert Systems
• Provide a high potential payoff or significantly reduce
downside risk
• Capture and preserve irreplaceable human expertise
• Solve a problem that is not easily solved using traditional
programming techniques
• Develop a system more consistent than human experts

When to Use Expert Systems (continued)
• Provide expertise needed at a number of locations at the
same time or in a hostile environment that is dangerous to
human health
• Provide expertise that is expensive or rare
• Develop a solution faster than human experts can
• Provide expertise needed for training and development to
share the wisdom and experience of human experts with a
large number of people

Figure 11.2: Components of an Expert
System

The Knowledge Base
• Stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and
relationships used by the expert system
• Assembling human experts
• Use of fuzzy logic
• Use of rules
• Use of cases

The Inference Engine
• Inference engine: part of the expert system that seeks
information and relationships from the knowledge base
and provides answers, predictions, and suggestions the
way a human expert would
• Backward chaining
• Forward chaining
• Comparison of backward and forward chaining

The Explanation Facility
• Allows a user or decision maker to understand how the
expert system arrived at certain conclusions or results
• For example: it allows a doctor to find out the logic or
rationale of the diagnosis made by a medical expert
system

The Knowledge Acquisition Facility
• Provides convenient and efficient means of capturing and
storing all the components of the knowledge base
• Acts as an interface between experts and the knowledge
base

The User Interface
• Specialized user interface software is employed for
designing, creating, updating, and using expert systems
• The main purpose of the user interface is to make the
development and use of an expert system easier for users
and decision makers

Figure 11.6: Steps in the Expert System
Development Process

Participants in Developing and Using
Expert Systems
• Domain expert: individual or group who has the
expertise or knowledge one is trying to capture in the
expert system
• Knowledge engineer: an individual who has training or
experience in the design, development, implementation,
and maintenance of an expert system
• Knowledge user: individual or group who uses and
benefits from the expert system

Figure 11.7: Participants in Expert
Systems Development and Use

Expert Systems Development Tools
and Techniques
• Traditional programming languages
• Special programming languages
• Expert system shells: collection of software packages
and tools used to design, develop, implement, and
maintain expert systems
• Off-the-shelf expert system shells

Figure 11.8: Software for expert
systems development has evolved
greatly since 1980

Expert Systems Development
Alternatives
• In-house development: develop from scratch
• In-house development: develop from a shell
• Off-the-shelf purchase: use existing packages

Figure 11.9: Some Expert System
Development Alternatives and Their
Relative Cost and Time Values

Applications of Expert Systems and
Artificial Intelligence
• Credit granting and loan analysis
• Stock picking
• Catching cheats and terrorists
• Budgeting
• Games

Applications of Expert System and
Artificial Intelligence (continued)
• Information management and retrieval
• AI and expert systems embedded in products
• Plant layout and manufacturing
• Hospitals and medical facilities

• Help desks and assistance
• Employee performance evaluation
• Virus detection
• Repair and maintenance

• Shipping
• Marketing
• Warehouse optimization

Virtual Reality
• Virtual reality system: enables one or more users to
move and react in a computer-simulated environment
• Immersive virtual reality: user becomes fully immersed
in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely
generated by a computer

Interface Devices
• Head-mounted display (HMD)
• Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)
• CAVE
• Haptic interface

Interface Devices (continued)
The BOOM, a head-coupled display device.

Interface Devices (continued)
Viewing the Detroit Midfield Terminal in an immersive CAVE system.

Forms of Virtual Reality
• Immersive virtual reality
• Mouse-controlled navigation through a three-dimensional
environment on a graphics monitor
• Stereo projection systems
• Stereo viewing from the monitor via stereo glasses

Virtual Reality Applications
• Medicine
• Education and training
• Real estate marketing and tourism
• Entertainment

Other Specialized Systems
• Segway
• A microchip that might be able to help quadriplegics
perform tasks they could not perform otherwise
• Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags

Other Specialized Systems (continued)
• “Smart containers” for ships, railroads, and trucks
• Game theory
• Informatics

Summary
• Artificial intelligence (AI): ability of computers to
mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain
• Artificial intelligence systems consist of people,
procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge
needed to develop computer systems and machines that
demonstrate the characteristics of intelligence
• Expert system: computer system that stores knowledge
and makes inferences, similar to a human expert

Summary (continued)
• Robotics: mechanical or computer devices that perform
tasks requiring a high degree of precision or that are
tedious or hazardous for humans
• Vision systems: computer system that permits computers
to capture, store, and manipulate visual images and
pictures
• Natural language processing: allows the computer to
understand and react to statements and commands made
in a “natural” language, such as English

Summary (continued)
• Learning system: computer system that allows the
computer to change how it functions or reacts to
situations based on feedback it receives
• Neural network: computer system that can simulate the
functioning of a human brain
• Virtual reality system enables one or more users to move
and react in a computer-simulated environment

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