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This document discusses modals in English grammar. It provides examples of common modal verbs like can, may, must, should and would and their meanings for expressing ability, permission, obligation, advice and conditional statements. Modal verbs are different from other verbs in that they do not change form or have infinitives or participles. Modal verbs give information about the function of the main verb they govern and have communicative functions on a scale from possibility to necessity, including epistemic modality about the possibility of propositions, deontic modality about freedom to act, and dynamic modality about one's own ability or willingness to act.
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![FUNCTIONS OF MODALS
A modal auxiliary verb gives much information about the function of the
main verb that it governs. Modals have a wide variety of communicative functions,
but these functions can generally be related to a scale ranging from possibility
("may") to necessity ("must"), in terms of one of the following types of modality:
epistemic modality, concerned with the theoretical possibility of propositions being
true or not true (including likelihood and certainty)
deontic modality, concerned with possibility and necessity in terms of freedom to
act (including permission and duty)
dynamic modality,[2] which may be distinguished from deontic modality, in that with
dynamic modality, the conditioning factors are internal – the subject's own ability or
willingness to act[3]
The following sentences illustrate epistemic and deontic uses of the English modal
verb must:
epistemic: You must be starving. ("It is necessarily the case that you are starving.")
deontic: You must leave now. ("You are required to leave now.")
An ambiguous case is You must speak Spanish. The primary meaning would be the
deontic meaning ("You are required to speak Spanish.") but this may be intended
epistemically ("It is surely the case that you speak Spanish.") Epistemic modals can
be analyzed as raising verbs, while deontic modals can be analyzed as control verbs.
Epistemic usages of modals tend to develop from deontic usages.[4] For example, the
inferred certainty sense of Englishmust developed after the strong obligation sense;
the probabilistic sense of should developed after the weak obligation sense; and the
possibility senses of may and can developed later than the permission or ability
sense. Two typical sequences of evolution of modal meanings are:
internal mental ability → internal ability → root possibility (internal or external ability)
→ permission and epistemic possibility
obligation → probability](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/assignmentinenglish-141113060232-conversion-gate02/85/Assignment-in-english-3-320.jpg)
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Modal verbs are used to express opinions about actions or states rather than stating facts. They indicate the speaker's mode of thinking and include verbs like may, can, must, should. Modal verbs are always accompanied by a main verb and do not change form based on subject. They are placed before the subject in questions and not is placed after in negatives. Phrasal modal expressions using verbs like be able to are also used to express modal meanings when multiple meanings are needed in one sentence or when the modal verb lacks a past tense form. Mastering the use of modal verbs and phrasal modal expressions is important for clear communication in English.Mood, Non-Finite Verb Forms
Mood, Non-Finite Verb FormsLyudmila Osinovskaya
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The document discusses the category of mood in the English verb. It defines mood as a grammatical category that expresses the speaker's attitude toward the process or action, indicating whether it is regarded as a fact or non-fact. The indicative mood expresses facts, while the subjunctive and imperative moods express non-facts. The subjunctive mood can be further divided into varieties based on meaning and form. The document also discusses how moods are realized in English and some issues surrounding their analysis.Grammar talk unit 5
Grammar talk unit 5Anne Agard
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Modals are verbs that are considered "incomplete" because they act partly like verbs but not completely. There are core modals like shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could that are followed by the base form of other verbs and don't take -s in the third person singular. Modals have similar meanings to expressions like "have to", "be supposed to", "be allowed to", and "ought to". Modals can be tricky because their meanings change in the negative and past tense forms.Modal verbs a'm
Modal verbs a'mangelmejias11
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This document provides definitions and examples of modal verbs in English. Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that cannot function as main verbs and are used to express ideas like ability, possibility, necessity or uncertainty. Some common English modal verbs are can, could, may, might, shall, will, should and would. Modal verbs do not conjugate and are always followed by the base form of another verb. They add meaning about possibility, permission, certainty and obligation without changing the tense of the following verb. The document provides definitions and examples of how different modal verbs are used.LESSON ABOUT VERBS BY KIEV B. ALMIRA.pptx
LESSON ABOUT VERBS BY KIEV B. ALMIRA.pptxKievBarredoAlmira
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This document discusses verbs in English grammar. It defines what a verb is and explains that verbs can be regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive, and can change form based on subject, tense, mood, and voice through conjugation. It also discusses auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, and provides examples of how verbs are used in different contexts. The key points covered are the definition of a verb, verb conjugation, regular and irregular verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, auxiliary verbs, and modal verbs.Modal auxiliaries
Modal auxiliariesShinta Ari Herdiana
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This document discusses the main verbs and modal auxiliaries can and may in English. It defines main verbs as the important verb in a sentence that shows the action of the subject. Auxiliary verbs help the main verb. The modal auxiliaries in English are can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would. Can expresses ability, possibility, informal permission and requests, while may expresses polite requests with I or we, formal permission, and less than 50% certainty. Both are followed by the simple form of the main verb and do not take an -s ending with third person subjects.Introduction to Modal-and-Auxiliary-words.pdf
Introduction to Modal-and-Auxiliary-words.pdfJamietteNolia1
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An auxiliary verb is used to affect the tense, voice, or mood of a main verb. In grammar, a modal auxiliary verb is used specifically to express possibility, capability, willingness, or permission. Commonly used modal auxiliary verbs include: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.Course 7- Unit 9: Modals should and could. -
Course 7- Unit 9: Modals should and could. -Martin Caicedo
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This document discusses modal verbs, focusing on should and could. It explains that modal verbs are special verbs that express ability, possibility, necessity or obligation of a main verb. Should is used to give advice, such as "you should go to the doctor." It has no conjugation. Could expresses ability or possibility, such as "you could go to the movies." Both should and could are followed by a base form of the main verb. Their negative forms are shouldn't and couldn't. More information on their uses can be found in Top Notch 1 and at the provided link.Modal verbs
Modal verbslina marcela morales quintero
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Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that express ability, permission, possibility or necessity. They are used to talk about the future or conditions and include verbs like can, could, may, might, will, shall, should, ought to, must, have to and would. Modal verbs are not conjugated and are always followed by another verb in its base form. Some common uses of modal verbs are to indicate ability or possibility with can and could, request permission with can and could, and talk about past ability or possibility with could.what are Auxiliary verbs by Ebadullaha.pptx
what are Auxiliary verbs by Ebadullaha.pptxliaqatali5288515
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what are Auxiliary verbs by Ebadullaha.pptxMain verbs and modal auxiliaries (can n may)
Main verbs and modal auxiliaries (can n may)Shinta Ari Herdiana
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1) The document discusses the main differences between the modal auxiliaries "can" and "may" in English.
2) "Can" expresses ability, possibility, informal permission and polite requests. It is used with all subjects. "May" expresses polite requests (only with "I" or "we"), formal permission, and less than 50% certainty.
3) Examples are provided to illustrate the usage of "can" and "may" in sentences, including how they are used in different tenses. Gap filling exercises with answers are also included.Modality
ModalityMery Kul
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Modality refers to the speaker's attitude or opinion regarding the factual status of a proposition. There are two main types of modality: epistemic and deontic. Epistemic modality concerns beliefs, knowledge and truth, expressing levels of certainty. Deontic modality involves necessity or obligation and is concerned with actions. Mood is a syntactic concept referring to sentence structure, while modality is semantic and provides information about the speaker's perspective. Modality can be expressed through modal verbs, adverbs, adjectives and other means.Modals Verbs - SAM.pptx
Modals Verbs - SAM.pptxMelanchthonCrisostom
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Modals are a type of verb that express modality such as ability, permission, obligation, or possibility. The modal verbs in English include can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to, had better, and have to. Modals give additional meaning to the main verb and have grammatical properties that distinguish them, such as not having different tenses. They express different types of modality including epistemic (likelihood), deontic (permission/duty), and dynamic (ability/willingness). Each modal has specific meanings and uses depending on whether it expresses possibility, necessity, permission, advice, or other functions.Modals 212 
Modals 212 marianogalan23
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The document discusses modal forms and conditionals. It states that modal auxiliaries, also known as modals, are special verbs used with other verbs to express mood. It provides examples of different types of modals and their functions, including ability, obligation, possibility, preference and requests. It also classifies the most common conditionals into present real conditional, present unreal conditional, and past unreal conditional based on the probability of the if-clause.
What are modals How to use Modal verbs By Bookalooza
What are modals How to use Modal verbs By BookaloozaBookalooza
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Explore the concept of modals and learn how to effectively use modal verbs in your writing. Gain insights into their functions, rules, and examples to enhance your language skills and communication abilities.Assignment in english
- 1. ASSIGNMENT IN ENGLISH (MODALS) Submitted by: Mariane Joyce Duran Submitted to: Ma’am Joy Abuan
- 2. MODALS A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality – that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. Examples include the English verbs can/could, may/might, must, will/would, and shall/should. In English and other Germanic languages, modal verbs are often distinguished as a class based on certain grammatical properties. EXAMPLES OF MODALS Modal Meaning Example can to express ability I can speak a little Russian. can to request permission Can I open the window? may to express possibility I may be home late. may to request permission May I sit down, please? must to express obligation I must go now. must to express strong belief She must be over 90 years old. should to give advice You should stop smoking. would to request or offer Would you like a cup of tea? would in if-sentences If I were you, I would say sorry. Modal verbs are unlike other verbs. They do not change their form (spelling) and they have no infinitive or participle (past/present). The modals must and can need substitute verbs to express obligation or ability in the different tenses
- 3. FUNCTIONS OF MODALS A modal auxiliary verb gives much information about the function of the main verb that it governs. Modals have a wide variety of communicative functions, but these functions can generally be related to a scale ranging from possibility ("may") to necessity ("must"), in terms of one of the following types of modality: epistemic modality, concerned with the theoretical possibility of propositions being true or not true (including likelihood and certainty) deontic modality, concerned with possibility and necessity in terms of freedom to act (including permission and duty) dynamic modality,[2] which may be distinguished from deontic modality, in that with dynamic modality, the conditioning factors are internal – the subject's own ability or willingness to act[3] The following sentences illustrate epistemic and deontic uses of the English modal verb must: epistemic: You must be starving. ("It is necessarily the case that you are starving.") deontic: You must leave now. ("You are required to leave now.") An ambiguous case is You must speak Spanish. The primary meaning would be the deontic meaning ("You are required to speak Spanish.") but this may be intended epistemically ("It is surely the case that you speak Spanish.") Epistemic modals can be analyzed as raising verbs, while deontic modals can be analyzed as control verbs. Epistemic usages of modals tend to develop from deontic usages.[4] For example, the inferred certainty sense of Englishmust developed after the strong obligation sense; the probabilistic sense of should developed after the weak obligation sense; and the possibility senses of may and can developed later than the permission or ability sense. Two typical sequences of evolution of modal meanings are: internal mental ability → internal ability → root possibility (internal or external ability) → permission and epistemic possibility obligation → probability