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Aterminology.ppt

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Dani Philip
Dani Philip

This document provides definitions and descriptions of key concepts in anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of structure and relationships between structures, and physiology as the study of how body structures function. It also describes the levels of structural organization in the human body from chemicals to cells to tissues to organs and organ systems. Additionally, it outlines basic life processes like homeostasis, metabolism, growth and differentiation. Homeostasis is described as the dynamic equilibrium maintained by interactions between organ systems, and is regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems through feedback loops.

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An Introduction to the Human Body Anatomy science of structure relationships revealed by dissection (cutting apart) imaging techniques Physiology science of body functions normal adult physiology is studied in this class some genetic variations occur
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DEFINED Anatomy the study of structure and the relationships among structures. Subdivisions surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic anatomy, developmental anatomy, embryology, cytology, and pathological anatomy
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DEFINED Physiology the study of how body structures function Subdivisions of physiology include cell physiology, systems physiology, pathophysiology, exercise physiology, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunophysiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, and reproductive physiology
Structural Organization of Matter 1. Chemical Level a. Atoms (Proton, Neutron, electrons) b. Molecules (Two or more atoms joined together by either covalent or ionic bonds) Four biologically important organic molecules in the human body a. Proteins which are made from 20 different Amino Acids
Structural Organization of Matter Four Biologically-Important Organic molecules: b. Complex Carbohydrates made from simple sugars c. Nucleic Acids made for nucleotides d. Lipids made from fatty acids and glycerol 2. Cells (Smallest structural and functional units of the human body)
Structural Organization of Matter 3. Tissues (group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function) 4. Organs (composed of two or more tissues work together to provide specific functions and they usually have specific shapes)
Structural Organization of Matter 5. Organ systems (consist of one or more organs that provide a common function) Examples covered in Anatomy & Physiology 242: a. Integumentary system b. Skeletal system c. Muscular system d. Nervous system
Structural Organization of Matter Anatomy & Physiology 243: e. Endocrine system f. Cardiovascular system g. Lymphatic system h. Respiratory system I. Digestive system j. Urinary system k. Reproductive system
Basic Life Processes 1. Metabolism Sum of all biochemical processes of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems 2. Responsiveness Ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment 3. Movement Occurs at the intracellular, cellular, organ levels
Basic Life Processes 4. Growth Increase in number of cells, size of cells, tissues, organs, and the body. Single cell to multicellular complex organism 5. Differentiation Process a cell undergoes to develop from a unspecialized to a specialized cell 6. Reproduction Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual.
Basic Life Processes Homeostasis Equilibrium of the bodys internal environment produced by the interaction of organ systems and regulatory processes (feedback systems). Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in response to changing conditions. The two body systems that largely control the bodys homeostatic state: 1. Nervous system 2. Endocrine system
Control of Homeostasis Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by external stimuli intense heat, cold , and lack of oxygen internal stimuli psychological stresses exercise Disruptions are usually mild & temporary If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result
CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS Homeostatic imbalances occur because of disruptions from the external or internal environments. Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system, acting together or independently. The nervous system detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the disruption. The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones. Whereas nerve impulses cause rapid changes, hormones usually work more slowly. Examples: CO2, O2, temperature, pH, blood pressure,
Example of Homeostasis Fluid balance in the Body Compartments for Body Fluids 1. Intracellular 2. Extracellular a. Interstitial b. Plasma
Components of Feedback Loop Receptor monitors a controlled condition Control center determines next action Effector receives directions from the control center produces a response that changes the controlled condition
Basic Components of a Negative Feedback System
Basic Components of a Positive Feedback System
Homeostatic Imbalances Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and death. Disorder is a general term for any change or abnormality of function. Disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms. A local disease is one that affects one part or a limited region of the body. A systemic disease affects either the entire body or several parts.
Homeostatic Imbalances Disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms. Signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure; e.g., fever or rash. Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer; e.g., headache or nausea. Diagnosis is the art of distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease; a diagnosis is generally arrived at after the taking of a medical history and the administration of a physical examination.
Anatomical Position The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. When in the anatomical position, the subject stands (Figure 1.5). standing upright facing the observer, head level eyes facing forward feet flat on the floor arms at the sides palms turned forward (ventral)
Basic Anatomical Terminology
Basic Anatomical Terminology
Reclining Position If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position. If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position.
Basic body planes or sections These terms are used for planes or sections that cut the body, organs, tissues, or cells
Example of how planes would cut the brain
Two Principal Body Cavities and their Subdivisions
Directional Terms Used to Describe the Position of one Structure to Another Superior/Inferior (Cephalic/Caudal) Anterior/Posterior (Ventral/Dorsal) Medial/Lateral Intermediate: Between Ipsilateral/Contralateral Proximal/Distal Superficial/Deep
Methods of dividing the Abdominopelvic cavity

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Aterminology.ppt

  • 1. An Introduction to the Human Body Anatomy science of structure relationships revealed by dissection (cutting apart) imaging techniques Physiology science of body functions normal adult physiology is studied in this class some genetic variations occur
  • 2. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DEFINED Anatomy the study of structure and the relationships among structures. Subdivisions surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic anatomy, developmental anatomy, embryology, cytology, and pathological anatomy
  • 3. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DEFINED Physiology the study of how body structures function Subdivisions of physiology include cell physiology, systems physiology, pathophysiology, exercise physiology, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunophysiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, and reproductive physiology
  • 4. Structural Organization of Matter 1. Chemical Level a. Atoms (Proton, Neutron, electrons) b. Molecules (Two or more atoms joined together by either covalent or ionic bonds) Four biologically important organic molecules in the human body a. Proteins which are made from 20 different Amino Acids
  • 5. Structural Organization of Matter Four Biologically-Important Organic molecules: b. Complex Carbohydrates made from simple sugars c. Nucleic Acids made for nucleotides d. Lipids made from fatty acids and glycerol 2. Cells (Smallest structural and functional units of the human body)
  • 6. Structural Organization of Matter 3. Tissues (group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function) 4. Organs (composed of two or more tissues work together to provide specific functions and they usually have specific shapes)
  • 7. Structural Organization of Matter 5. Organ systems (consist of one or more organs that provide a common function) Examples covered in Anatomy & Physiology 242: a. Integumentary system b. Skeletal system c. Muscular system d. Nervous system
  • 8. Structural Organization of Matter Anatomy & Physiology 243: e. Endocrine system f. Cardiovascular system g. Lymphatic system h. Respiratory system I. Digestive system j. Urinary system k. Reproductive system
  • 9. Basic Life Processes 1. Metabolism Sum of all biochemical processes of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems 2. Responsiveness Ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment 3. Movement Occurs at the intracellular, cellular, organ levels
  • 10. Basic Life Processes 4. Growth Increase in number of cells, size of cells, tissues, organs, and the body. Single cell to multicellular complex organism 5. Differentiation Process a cell undergoes to develop from a unspecialized to a specialized cell 6. Reproduction Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual.
  • 11. Basic Life Processes Homeostasis Equilibrium of the bodys internal environment produced by the interaction of organ systems and regulatory processes (feedback systems). Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in response to changing conditions. The two body systems that largely control the bodys homeostatic state: 1. Nervous system 2. Endocrine system
  • 12. Control of Homeostasis Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by external stimuli intense heat, cold , and lack of oxygen internal stimuli psychological stresses exercise Disruptions are usually mild & temporary If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result
  • 13. CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS Homeostatic imbalances occur because of disruptions from the external or internal environments. Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system, acting together or independently. The nervous system detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the disruption. The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones. Whereas nerve impulses cause rapid changes, hormones usually work more slowly. Examples: CO2, O2, temperature, pH, blood pressure,
  • 14. Example of Homeostasis Fluid balance in the Body Compartments for Body Fluids 1. Intracellular 2. Extracellular a. Interstitial b. Plasma
  • 15. Components of Feedback Loop Receptor monitors a controlled condition Control center determines next action Effector receives directions from the control center produces a response that changes the controlled condition
  • 16. Basic Components of a Negative Feedback System
  • 17. Basic Components of a Positive Feedback System
  • 18. Homeostatic Imbalances Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and death. Disorder is a general term for any change or abnormality of function. Disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms. A local disease is one that affects one part or a limited region of the body. A systemic disease affects either the entire body or several parts.
  • 19. Homeostatic Imbalances Disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms. Signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure; e.g., fever or rash. Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer; e.g., headache or nausea. Diagnosis is the art of distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease; a diagnosis is generally arrived at after the taking of a medical history and the administration of a physical examination.
  • 20. Anatomical Position The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. When in the anatomical position, the subject stands (Figure 1.5). standing upright facing the observer, head level eyes facing forward feet flat on the floor arms at the sides palms turned forward (ventral)
  • 23. Reclining Position If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position. If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position.
  • 24. Basic body planes or sections These terms are used for planes or sections that cut the body, organs, tissues, or cells
  • 25. Example of how planes would cut the brain
  • 27. Directional Terms Used to Describe the Position of one Structure to Another Superior/Inferior (Cephalic/Caudal) Anterior/Posterior (Ventral/Dorsal) Medial/Lateral Intermediate: Between Ipsilateral/Contralateral Proximal/Distal Superficial/Deep
  • 28. Methods of dividing the Abdominopelvic cavity