August 31 - 0353 - Carolina Diaz-Garcia
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The document describes a study on using bioreactors with citrus woodchips to denitrify saline drainage water under semi-arid conditions in Spain. Three pilot-scale bioreactors were tested with hydraulic retention times of 8, 16, and 24 hours. Woodchip bags were extracted from different depths and zones of the bioreactors after 6, 12, and 18 months. The weight of the woodchips generally decreased over time, indicating biodegradation, but decreased more for bags buried shallower in the bioreactors. Nitrate removal efficiencies were highest for the 24-hour hydraulic retention time bioreactor.
August 31 - 0353 - Carolina Diaz-Garcia
- 1. The magic of bioreactors arrives in Spain for denitrification of saline drainage under semi-arid conditions Carolina Diaz-Garcia, Laura E. Christianson, Juan Jose Martinez-Sanchez, Jose Alvarez-Rogel Technical University of Cartagena University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- 2. Scarce water resources 50 000 ha agricultural fertigation ESPAÑA Campo de Cartagena Spain- Campo de Cartagena • Major supplier to European Markets - horticulture products and citrus. • Environmental impacts since the brine (wastewater resulting from desalination) contains a high concentration of nitrate. Dryland until 1990 Irrigation since 2000 Mar Menor Mar Menor Campo de Cartagena Campo de Cartagena Reverse osmosis plant
- 3. Scarce water resources 50 000 ha agricultural fertigation ESPAÑA Campo de Cartagena Spain- Campo de Cartagena Dryland until 1990 Irrigation since 2000 Mar Menor Mar Menor Campo de Cartagena Campo de Cartagena Most of the nutrients present in the water bodies have reached the Mar Menor lagoon through surface and subsurface discharges. The Mar Menor is the largest coastal hypersaline lagoon in the Mediterranean basin. @MarmenorKO
- 4. Eutrophication NO DESALINATION WITHOUT DENITRIFICATION Objetive: Search low-cost and efficient denitrification systems that are easy for farmers to manage
- 5. Pilot plant. Wetlands and Denitrifying Bioreactors placed in WWTP Los Alcázares Drainage channel D7 Pilot plant Bioreactors
- 6. Bioreactors 3 bioreactors: 8 h, 16 h y 24 h. 566 days (80 weeks) – May 29 2019 to November 17 2020 7 m3 of citrus woodchips Flow 3 m3/day per bioreactor Electrical conductivity 7.2 mS/cm 24 h 16 h 8 h Denitrifying bioreactors with citrus woodchips 6 m 0,98 m
- 8. Woodchip bags LATERAL VIEW 200 g of citrus woodchip per bag
- 9. LATERAL VIEW 200 g of citrus woodchip per bag Extraction of 1 bag from each zone and height every 6, 12 and 18 months Woodchip bags
- 11. Woodchips bags Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips 100 120 140 160 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom
- 12. Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips 100 120 140 160 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips bags
- 13. Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips 100 120 140 160 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips bags
- 14. Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips 100 120 140 160 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips bags
- 15. Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips 100 120 140 160 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips bags
- 16. Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips 100 120 140 160 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips bags
- 17. Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips 100 120 140 160 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips bags
- 18. Lateral views of the bioreactors SALIDA TRH 16 H BOLSAS SALIDA TRH 24 H BOLSAS HRT 8 h HRT 16 h HRT 24 h SALIDA TRH 8 H BOLSAS
- 19. Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips bags
- 20. Moorman (2010) Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips bags
- 21. Moorman (2010) Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Bioreactor HRT 8 h a b ab a a a a a a B B B B A B B A A Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Woodchips weight (g) 100 120 140 160 180 200 Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months Months from the beginning 6 months 12 months 18 months a b ab a a a a a a A A A A A A A A A A) Bags buried at 70 cm from the bottom Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h Bioreactor HRT 8 h Bioreactor HRT 16 h Bioreactor HRT 24 h B) Bags buried at 20 cm from the bottom Woodchips bags
- 22. Woodchips level before and after Beginning of the experiment After 1.5 years of performance 24 h 16 h 8 h 24 h 16 h 8 h
- 23. Nitrate removal efficiency 3 0 3 3 3 5 3 7 4 1 4 3 4 4 4 7 4 9 5 1 5 4 5 6 5 8 6 1 6 3 6 5 6 8 7 0 7 2 7 6 8 2 8 4 8 9 9 2 9 7 9 9 1 0 3 1 0 7 1 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 7 1 1 9 1 2 5 1 3 2 1 4 2 1 4 7 1 5 4 1 6 1 1 6 7 1 7 3 1 8 0 1 8 7 2 0 2 2 0 8 2 3 1 2 4 3 2 5 2 2 5 8 2 7 9 2 9 9 3 1 3 3 8 5 3 9 4 4 0 6 4 1 1 4 2 1 4 2 8 4 3 3 4 4 1 4 4 8 4 5 3 4 6 1 4 6 8 4 7 5 4 8 2 4 9 0 5 0 4 5 1 0 5 1 7 5 2 5 5 3 2 5 3 4 5 3 8 5 4 7 5 5 1 5 5 2 5 5 9 5 6 6 NRE (%) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Temperature (ºC) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 Effluent Bio8h Effluent Bio16h Effluent Bio24h Temperature Days, months and years Jun.- Jul.- Aug. Sep.- Oct.- Nov. Dec.- Jan.- Feb. Mar.- Apr.- May.- Jun. Jul.- Aug.- Sep. 2019 2020 Oct.- Nov.
- 24. Sulphide 24h TRH 231 258 279 299 385 394 406 411 421 428 433 441 448 453 461 468 475 482 490 504 510 517 525 532 534 538 547 551 552 559 566 Sulphide (mg L -1 ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Effluent Bio8h Effluent Bio16h Effluent Bio24h Inflow Dec.- Jan.- Feb. Mar.- Apr.- May.- Jun. Jul.- Aug.-Sep. Days, months and years 2019 2020 Oct.- Nov.
- 25. Phosphate (SRP) 24h TRH 2 3 1 2 9 9 3 1 3 3 8 5 3 9 4 4 0 6 4 1 1 4 2 1 4 2 8 4 3 3 4 4 1 4 4 8 4 5 3 4 6 1 4 6 8 4 7 5 4 8 2 4 9 0 5 0 4 5 1 0 5 1 7 5 2 5 5 3 2 5 3 4 5 3 8 5 4 7 5 5 1 5 5 2 5 5 9 5 6 6 SRP (mg L -1 ) 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 Effluent Bio8h Effluent Bio16h Effluent Bio24h Inflow Dec.- Jan.- Feb. Mar.- Apr.- May.- Jun. Jul.- Aug.-Sep. Days, months and years 2019 2020 Oct.- Nov.
- 26. Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Bioreactor 8 h HRT 16 h HRT 24 h HRT CO 2 (mg m -2 h -1 ) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Bioreactor 8 h HRT 16 h HRT 24 h HRT N 2 O (mg m -2 h -1 ) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 SALIDA TRH 8 H BOLSAS SALIDA TRH 24 H BOLSAS HRT 8 h HRT 24 h N2O N2O N2O N2O CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2
- 27. Conclusions • Bioreactors are suitable for the denitrification of saline effluents from intensive agriculture. • Flooded woodchips (anoxic conditions) suffered less degradation and greater production of N2O emissions compared to the woodchips that were out of the water, which suffered greater degradation and favored CO2 emissions. • Potentially harmful formation compounds such as sulfides are a factor to be considered.
- 28. Thanks for your attention Acknowledgments: • Entidad Regional de Saneamiento y Depuración de Aguas Residuales (ESAMUR) (Spain) • NRCS Conservation Innovation Grant (NR213A750013G038) • Illinois NREC (2021-3-360498-144)