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Autismspectrum
disorder
Definitions
&
Theories
Farhangdoost PhD in Neuroscience
Dec. 2015
擧悋惘擯悋惆惘愆惆悋悧惘悋
悋惠愕拆悋慍惠悋愕惘悋慍1
惠悋惡愕惠悋1397
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
 onset in the developmental period
 typically manifest early in development,
 often before the child enters grade school,
 produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or
occupational functioning
 varies from very specific limitations of learning or control
of executive functions to global impairments of social
skills or intelligence
 intellectual developmental disorder
 communication disorders
 language disorder,
 speech sound disorder,
 social(pragmatic) communication disorder,
 childhood-onset fluency disorder
 Autism spectrum disorder
 ADHD
 motor disorders
 developmental coordination disorder,
 stereotypic movement disorder,
 tic disorders
 Specific learning disorder
 reading, writing, and/or math
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
components or functions in
human thinking
Sensations
Attention
Emotions
Memory
Thoughts and
imagination
Planning
self-awareness
Self-consciousness
Consciousness of death
Self-
conscio
usness
Free will
Language
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
evolutionary order in
appearance of functions
 different elements in the consciousness into:
 1 . Sensations that are the immediate sensory impressions
 2. Perceptions that are interpreted sensory impressions
Perceptions form one category of representations
 3. Imaginations (or images) that are not directly governed by sensory
impressions
detached representations
Imaginations and perceptions are the elements from which the
inner world is constructed
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
 Darwinian beings
 Genetically programmed
 does not necessarily possess a capacity for learning
 Inflexible
 Skinnerian beings
 ability to learn from their experiences
 Habituation
 Conditioning
 acquire knowledge through trial-and-error
 time-consuming
 dangerous
 Popperian beings
 can represent the world in an inner world
 simulate the consequences of behaving
 Gregorian beings
 can copy parts of another's acquired inner world
 can conserve energy and run fewer risks
 Donaldian Beings
 can locate their knowledge in the external world
 representations are detached from human minds
utilize other individuals' knowledge
 follow their gaze,
 to look where they are
looking
 Many species of animal
have this ability
 Imitate
 stimulus enhancement
 attracted to objects with
which others are interacting
 Mimicking
 Mimics another's behavior
 Imitation
 understands the intention
behind a certain kind of
behavior
Causal reasoning
 four different kinds of thought processes:
 (a) Being able to foresee the physical effects
of one's own actions
 (b) Being able to foresee the effects of others'
actions
 (c) Understanding the causes of others'
actions
 (d) Understanding the causes of physical
events
The verbal communication of
children with autism
 Lack of expressive verbal language  autistic muteness
 Echolalia
 Pronoun reversal
 Extreme literalness
 Metaphorical language
 Neologisms
 Affirmation by repetition
 Repetitive questioning
 Demanding the same verbal scenario
 Autistic discourse style
 Poor control of prosody
 hypersensitivity and/or hyposensitivity
 disturbance by certain stimuli and/or fascination by certain
stimuli
 inconsistency of perception (fluctuation between hyper- and
hyposensitivity)
 fragmented perception
 distorted perception
 sensory agnosia (difficulty interpreting a sense)
 delayed perception
 sensory overload
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Perceptual style
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Resonance
Cognitive Styles
 Patterns of attention in autism
 concentrate on a detail instead of a whole
 difficulty in switching attention
 establish and maintain joint attention
 Memory in autism
 gestalt and literalness
 associative memory
Cognitive Styles
 Perceptual thinking
 Visual thinkers
 Inertia (executive function deficit)
 synesthesia
 prosopagnosia
 central auditory processing disorder
 Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome(Irlen Syndrome)
 sensory integration dysfunction/disorder
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Interventions
悋愕惡 悋惘慍悋惡  愆悋惆
惆惆 悛愕惡 悋 忰慍 惠惺
愆擧 惆惘 惆悽 惺悋 悋慍 惘擧 慍 惠惺(擧愆  惘惠悋惘 惠忰)
悋 悋愕惠悋惆 悋 惠惠 擧 悋愕惡 悋愀惡悋 愆惘悋愀  忰愀 擧惘惆 悋擧愆 慍
惡悋愆惆 惴惘 惘惆
擧悋  悋愕惡 悋 愕惘  悋 忰悋惠 擧惘惆 悋(scaffolding)
惴惘 惘惆 擧愆 惴惘 悴惠
惆悋悽 悋惶
惆悋悽 悋惶
惆惘忰慍悋惘惠惡悋愀
悋惆悛悋愕惠擧惡擧惆擧悋惆惡惆 惡悋悋慍惡悋悴惆惆悋惘惆
惺悋惠悋悋愆悋悋惺悋惠惘悋惡悋惶惆悋悋惘悋惘惆悋惆(悛悋悋擧悋惠)悋愆悋惘悋惠悋
悋惆悋(擧悋惘惠悋惠惶惘)愆悋惡惆
惡惘悋悋惴惘悋惡惠惆悋惡悋惆惡擧惆擧愆悋惆悋惆擧慍惡悋悋惺惡惘悋悋惆惘拆惆悋惘惆
(惠悋惆惡悋愆悋悋 惘惆惺悋悋愆惡惘愕惆)
惆惡惺惆悛悽悋惆惡惆擧擧惆擧悋惆惡擯惘惆擯惡悋悋愕惠悋惆悋慍慍惡悋惡悋惆擯惘悋
惡惆-惡惠惠悋悋愀悋惺悋惠擧惆
悋惠悋擯悋慍悽惆慍惡悋惡惺悋悋惘 悋惡惠惺悋悋悴惠悋惺惡惘悋悋愆惠惘悋擧悋忰惠悋愕悋惠惡悋
惆擯惘悋悋愕惠悋惆擧惆惡愀惘悋愕惡愆悽擧惆悋愕惠惠悋悴擧惆愀惺惡惆惆擯惘
惴惘悋慍惡悋擧惘悋惠惘悋慍擧悋惠悋悋愀悋惺悋惠愕悋惆悋惆惘悽悋愕惠悋愆悋悄悋愕惠惘悋惡
擧悋惘擯惘惆
惆悋悽 悋惶
惆惘忰慍惘惠悋惘
惆擧悋愆惺惆悋悋惺愀悋拆悵惘悵惘惠悋惘
 悴悋擯悛惡悋惡悋慍悋悋愕惡
悋愆 悋惠忰擧惆擧惠惡惠惡惠愃惘悋惠忰愀
惠惡惆擧愆悋惡愆擧悋惘惠悋惘悋惡惡惠惘
惡愆惠惘惘惠悋惘悋悋愕悋慍擯悋惘悋擧惆擧悋惆悋惘悋悋惠惠愆悋惡擧惆悋惘惆悋愀惘擧
惠愆悴惆悋惘悋愆悖惡擧悋愕惠
悵悋惡惘悋惆惘惠惘惠悋惘惡惘悽悋慍擧惆擧悋惺悋惡惘惆悋悽悋惠惘惠悋惘惆悋惘惆惘悋
惓惘悽悋惆惡惆
惆悋悽 悋惶
惆惘忰慍拆惘惆悋慍愆悋忰惠忰惘擧惠
惆悴悋惘愕悋慍悋悋擧愆擧惆擧惡悋忰惘擧忰惠
悋愆 悋悛擯悋惠惶惘悋慍惡惆
悋悋擯忰惠忰惘擧惠
惘愆惆悋惘惠悋忰惘擧惠惴惘
擧悋愆愃悵悋 擯悋愆 悋惠忰愕惘惶惆悋悋 擧悋愕惠惆惘悋惠
惡悋愆惆
惡惘忰悋惡惘悋惘擧惆擧惡悋惆惠悋愕惡惡悋惘愕惠忰惠悽惆惠惶擯惘惠
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
拆悋  拆悋 惡 惡悋悋 悋 悴惡惡惡悋悋
惡 拆悋  拆悋 惡 惡悋悋 悋 悴惡 惆悋惘悋  慍惡悋惡悋悋愕惠
束悋愕惠 悽惘惆 悛悋惆 悴悴損
惡悋擧 惺 悋愕惠悽惘悋悴  惡悋悋 惡 拆悋 惘愆 惡 悛 擧 惡 擧 拆惘惆悋慍愆悋慍 悋惠
悵 愃惠 惘擯拆惆悋 惘悋 擧悋惠 惺 惠悋擧惆
惘惡愀 惡悋惠 擯惘惠 惴惘 惆惘 惡 愀 悴 擧 惺悋 惆惘擧 悋悋悋愕惠
悴悴惆悋 惴惘 擧悋惘 忰悋愀 惆悋悽惶忰惡惠 悋愆惆悴悴悽惘惆 悛悋惆惆悋悋愕惠
愕惘愆惆 悽惘惆 悛悋惆 拆悽惠  惆悋愃 擧 惆愕 惠 悴悴 惆惘惡悋惘 悋悋惘 悋愕惠
拆悋  拆悋 惡 惡悋悋 悋 悴惡惡惡悋悋
惡 拆悋  拆悋 惡 惡悋悋 悋 悴惡 惆悋惘悋  慍惡悋惡悋悋愕惠
悋惠惘惡惠擧悋慍惡悋拆惆惓愆悽 擧悋悋愕惠惺悋惘....悋 惠惠
拆惘惆悋慍愆惡悋悋惡拆悋悋愕惠
惆惘擧愀忰悋惶惠惷悋惆惡悋惠惴悋惘悋惠惡悋悋惡拆悋(擧悋擧惘擧
惶悛愀惘惡悋惆拆愆惡惘惆)悋忰惘擧拆悋惡惡悋悋愕惠
悋愀惺惘悋悋慍愀惘惠惺悋惘惷惡惺悋愕悋惆擧悋惠惡悋惡悋惠擧惆惘悛擯惠
愆惆惆惘擧擧.惓悋擯悋悋愆惆愃悵悋惷惠擧惘惆悛惡悋
惆愆擯惺悴惡愃悵悋悋 悽愆!
擧惆擧惆惘忰悋愕惘悋慍惘惠悋惘悋拆悋惡惡悋悋惡愕惘惠悋惘悋惡悋悋惡拆悋
悋愕惠
惡悋惡悋慍惆擧惘惠悋惘拆悋惡惡悋悋愕惠
惆愕惠擯惘惠擧惘惠悋惘惡悋悋惡拆悋
悋愀惘擧拆惘惆悋慍愆悋愃惘惠悋惘悋惘悋惡惡悋悋惡拆悋悋拆悋惡惡悋悋
惠惠擧惆惘悋悋悋惠惠惡悋惆惘悋惡悋悋惡拆悋惡悋悋惡
拆悋惠惠惡惆愆惆
悋愆愕悋慍悋惆惡悋擧擧擧惆惠悋悋慍悋悛愆惡悋惘愆惆惘悋
惡愕悋惠惺惡惘擧悋慍悛悋惡惠惘惠惡悽悋惶惡惘惡惡惘
惡愀惘擧
擧惆擧悋擧悋慍愕擧惠惘惡惘悽惘惆悋惘惆愃惘惺悋惆惡惆悛悋愆惆惆惠惘悋愕惠惡悋
惡惆悋悽惠悋悋惠惘愆惆悋悴惠惠惆(惓擧惠悋悵)惡惘愆悋悋慍惆悋惆
擧悋惠拆悋惡惡悋悋惡愆惠惘惆悋愆惠惡悋愆惆
惆惘忰悋擧惡惘悋擧惆擧悋惠惠惘惡悋愃惘惺悋惆惡惆悽惠惘悋愆惘悋惘愆
悋惆悋惘悋悋惠惡悋悋惡拆悋惡惠惘悋愕惠.
愕悋悋擧惆擧拆悋(2/5惠悋3)愕悋擧惠悋愕愆惆悋惘惆擯惠悋惘惘惠悋惘悋悽惆
惠忰惘擧愆惆惆
惆悋悋朸愕悋惆悋惘悋悋惠惠愕愀忰擧擧悋惡悋惘惆惘拆愆惆惡惠惠悋惠愆悽惶擯惘惠
悋愕惠
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories
 Pro-Social and Play Related Interventions
 Language and Communication-Based Interventions
 Sensory and Motor Interventions
 Intervention for Challenging Behavior
 Biomedical Interventions
 General Skill Building
 Expressive Psychotherapies
 Comprehensive Programs
 PRACTICES FOR FAMILIES
Pro-Social and Play Related
Interventions
 to increase meaningful relationships
 social interest,
 social initiation,
 social responsiveness,
 empathy and understanding of the others perspective
Pro-Social and Play Related
Interventions
 Social Stories
 Peer-Mediated Instruction
 Social Script Training
 Theory of Mind Training
 Relationship Development Intervention
Language and
Communication-Based
Interventions
 Augmentative Communication
 Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
 Verbal Behaviour Approach (VB)
 Developmental Social-Pragmatic Model (DPS)
 Facilitated Communication (FC)
Sensory and Motor
Interventions
 Sensory Integration (SI)
 Other Physical and/or Sensory Approaches
 Auditory Integration Therapy (AIT)
 Visual Therapies
Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories

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Autism spectrum disorder: definitions and theories