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Designing for Resilience as a New Nuclear Safety Construct

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BAyyub

"Designing for Resilience as a New Nuclear Safety Construct" offers a logical basis for designing, constructing and operating nuclear facilities and systems.

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Designing for Resilience as a New Nuclear Safety Construct Bilal M. Ayyub, PhD, PE Professor and Director Center for Technology and Systems Management Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Telephone: 301-405-1956 ba@umd.edu http://www.ctsm.umd.edu Public Meeting to Discuss the Draft White Paper of a Conceptual Example of a Proposed Risk Management Regulatory Framework January 30, 2014
Outline Background Resilience Definition Metrics Valuation Aggregation Concluding Remarks 2
Background: Sandy and Nuclear Power Plans Indian Point Automatic shutdown of a reactor unit due damage to electrical connection Oyster Creek Issuance of an alert since water level were higher then usual for the intake. it also lost power Limerick Reduction of power to 91% since the storm damaged a condenser Salem Shutdown, when 4 out of 6 pumps stopped working Nine Mile Point Automatic shutdown of a reactor unit and another lost power when there was an electrical fault, unclear if storm related 3
Background: Recovery after Shutdown Many Japanese nuclear plants shutdown after the March 2011 earthquake without appropriate regulatory restart criteria In 2002 there was a major event at the DavisBesse leading to difficulties with restart criteria (see NUREG/BR-0353) Fort Calhoun plant shutdown after a flooding event taking several years to restart The 2011 earthquake resulting in the shutdown of the North Anna plants for 3 months 4
Background: Nuclear Safety Factors of safety and allowable stresses Acceptable safety margin Reliability-based design Acceptable (average safety margin)/(standard deviation of the safety margin) Risk-informed design Safety acceptance by also considering failure consequences What is next? Designing for recovery? Designing for resilience? 5
Resilience Definitions Psychology Resilience is an individual's tendency to cope with stress and adversity Material science It is the capacity of material to absorb energy when it is elastically deformed Engineering Many definitions exist and a succinct definition is the ability of the system to return to a stable state after a perturbation Systems science A resilient system returns to an equilibrium state after perturbation, with more resilient systems having multiple equilibrium points Other uses Ecological, infrastructure, neuroscience, economic and community systems 6
Resilience Definitions Presidential Policy Directive (PPD-21, 2013) on Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience The term resilience means the ability to prepare for and adapt to changing conditions and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions. Resilience includes the ability to withstand and recover from deliberate attacks, accidents, or naturally occurring threats or incidents. 7
Resilience Definitions A Summary by Attoh-Okine (2009) Holling (1973 in ecology) Resilience determines the persistence of relationships within a system, and is a measure of the ability of these systems to absorb change state variable, driving variables, and parameters and still persist Lebel (2001) Resilience is the potential of a particular configuration of a system to maintain its structure/function in the face of disturbance, and the ability of the system to re-organize following disturbance-driven change 8
Definition Requirements Requirements for an operational definition that lends itself to measurement or metrics: Considering initial capacity or strength, and residual capacity or strength after a disturbance, i.e., robustness Accounting for abilities to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from or more successfully adapt to adverse events as provided in the NRC (2013) definition Treating disturbances as events with occurrence rates and demand intensity, i.e., modeling them as stochastic processes Treating different performances based on corresponding failure modes for various things at risk, such as people, physical infrastructure, economy, key government services, social networks and systems, and environment 9
Definition Requirements Requirements for an operational definition to support metrics(cont.): Accounting for systems changes over time, in some cases being improved, in other cases growing more fragile or aging Considering full or partial recovery and times to recovery Considering potential enhancements to system performance after recovery Relatable to other familiar notions such as reliability and risk, i.e., building on the relevant metrics of reliability and risk Enabling the development of resilience metrics with meaningful units 10
Proposed Definition Building on Notional Definition per PPD-21 2013 Resilience Measurement The resilience of a systems function can be measured based on the persistence of a corresponding functional performance under uncertainty in the face of disturbances ISO (2009) Risk Definition Risk is the effect of uncertainty on objectives 11
Steps Towards Quantification The key words in the definition are listed in a suggested order for their analysis as follows: Systems performance defined in terms of requirements or objectives, and examined in the form of functions: output, throughput, structural integrity, lifecycle cost, etc. Uncertainty relating to events such as storms, disturbance, conditions, system states, etc. Persistence examined in terms of enduring the events, recovery, continuance and/or resumption of functional performance 12
Measuring Resilience (Persistence) tf Failure ( F ) fdt ti tf Qdt ti tr Recovery ( R) rdt tf tr Qdt tf Resilience ( Re ) Ti FT f RTr Ti T f Tr Re > 0 13
Valuation of Resilience Anthropocentric in nature based on utilitarian principles Consideration of all instrumental values, including existence value Permitting the potential for substitution among different sources of value for human welfare Individuals preferences or marginal willingness to trade one good or service for another that can be influenced by culture, income level and information making it time- and context-specific Societal values as the aggregation of values by individual 14
Measuring Performance Systems Buildings Other structures: Highway bridges Facilities: Water treatment plants Infrastructure: Water delivery Network: Electric power distribution Communities Performance Space availability Throughput traffic Water production capacity Water available for consumption Power delivered Economic output Quality of life (consumption) Units Area per day Count per day Volume per day Volume Power per day Dollars Dollars 15
Economic Valuation of Resilience 16
Decision Analysis Identify alternatives (strategies) Assess benefits and costs of each Assess impacts of strategy on future options Benefit = Valuation Differential due to an Action Benefit B/C Ratio Cost B/C B C 2 2 B C Benefit P 1 1 PBenefit Cost 0 Cost 17
Resilience Segregation & Aggregation For 0<Ri<1, (MCEER 2010) defines R1.R2 Resilience ( R12 ) R1 R2 R1.R2 0.9 0.8 SystemResilience(R) For identical components using the independence assumption 1 n=1 0.7 0.6 0.5 n=2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 n=10 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 IdenticalComponentResilience(Ri) 0.8 1 18
Concluding Remarks Resilience metrics System analysis (interdependence) Resilience aggregation Announcements ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems Proposed ASME CRTD workshop on Resilience and Nuclear Facilities Thank you 19

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Designing for Resilience as a New Nuclear Safety Construct

  • 1. Designing for Resilience as a New Nuclear Safety Construct Bilal M. Ayyub, PhD, PE Professor and Director Center for Technology and Systems Management Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Telephone: 301-405-1956 ba@umd.edu http://www.ctsm.umd.edu Public Meeting to Discuss the Draft White Paper of a Conceptual Example of a Proposed Risk Management Regulatory Framework January 30, 2014
  • 2. Outline Background Resilience Definition Metrics Valuation Aggregation Concluding Remarks 2
  • 3. Background: Sandy and Nuclear Power Plans Indian Point Automatic shutdown of a reactor unit due damage to electrical connection Oyster Creek Issuance of an alert since water level were higher then usual for the intake. it also lost power Limerick Reduction of power to 91% since the storm damaged a condenser Salem Shutdown, when 4 out of 6 pumps stopped working Nine Mile Point Automatic shutdown of a reactor unit and another lost power when there was an electrical fault, unclear if storm related 3
  • 4. Background: Recovery after Shutdown Many Japanese nuclear plants shutdown after the March 2011 earthquake without appropriate regulatory restart criteria In 2002 there was a major event at the DavisBesse leading to difficulties with restart criteria (see NUREG/BR-0353) Fort Calhoun plant shutdown after a flooding event taking several years to restart The 2011 earthquake resulting in the shutdown of the North Anna plants for 3 months 4
  • 5. Background: Nuclear Safety Factors of safety and allowable stresses Acceptable safety margin Reliability-based design Acceptable (average safety margin)/(standard deviation of the safety margin) Risk-informed design Safety acceptance by also considering failure consequences What is next? Designing for recovery? Designing for resilience? 5
  • 6. Resilience Definitions Psychology Resilience is an individual's tendency to cope with stress and adversity Material science It is the capacity of material to absorb energy when it is elastically deformed Engineering Many definitions exist and a succinct definition is the ability of the system to return to a stable state after a perturbation Systems science A resilient system returns to an equilibrium state after perturbation, with more resilient systems having multiple equilibrium points Other uses Ecological, infrastructure, neuroscience, economic and community systems 6
  • 7. Resilience Definitions Presidential Policy Directive (PPD-21, 2013) on Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience The term resilience means the ability to prepare for and adapt to changing conditions and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions. Resilience includes the ability to withstand and recover from deliberate attacks, accidents, or naturally occurring threats or incidents. 7
  • 8. Resilience Definitions A Summary by Attoh-Okine (2009) Holling (1973 in ecology) Resilience determines the persistence of relationships within a system, and is a measure of the ability of these systems to absorb change state variable, driving variables, and parameters and still persist Lebel (2001) Resilience is the potential of a particular configuration of a system to maintain its structure/function in the face of disturbance, and the ability of the system to re-organize following disturbance-driven change 8
  • 9. Definition Requirements Requirements for an operational definition that lends itself to measurement or metrics: Considering initial capacity or strength, and residual capacity or strength after a disturbance, i.e., robustness Accounting for abilities to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from or more successfully adapt to adverse events as provided in the NRC (2013) definition Treating disturbances as events with occurrence rates and demand intensity, i.e., modeling them as stochastic processes Treating different performances based on corresponding failure modes for various things at risk, such as people, physical infrastructure, economy, key government services, social networks and systems, and environment 9
  • 10. Definition Requirements Requirements for an operational definition to support metrics(cont.): Accounting for systems changes over time, in some cases being improved, in other cases growing more fragile or aging Considering full or partial recovery and times to recovery Considering potential enhancements to system performance after recovery Relatable to other familiar notions such as reliability and risk, i.e., building on the relevant metrics of reliability and risk Enabling the development of resilience metrics with meaningful units 10
  • 11. Proposed Definition Building on Notional Definition per PPD-21 2013 Resilience Measurement The resilience of a systems function can be measured based on the persistence of a corresponding functional performance under uncertainty in the face of disturbances ISO (2009) Risk Definition Risk is the effect of uncertainty on objectives 11
  • 12. Steps Towards Quantification The key words in the definition are listed in a suggested order for their analysis as follows: Systems performance defined in terms of requirements or objectives, and examined in the form of functions: output, throughput, structural integrity, lifecycle cost, etc. Uncertainty relating to events such as storms, disturbance, conditions, system states, etc. Persistence examined in terms of enduring the events, recovery, continuance and/or resumption of functional performance 12
  • 13. Measuring Resilience (Persistence) tf Failure ( F ) fdt ti tf Qdt ti tr Recovery ( R) rdt tf tr Qdt tf Resilience ( Re ) Ti FT f RTr Ti T f Tr Re > 0 13
  • 14. Valuation of Resilience Anthropocentric in nature based on utilitarian principles Consideration of all instrumental values, including existence value Permitting the potential for substitution among different sources of value for human welfare Individuals preferences or marginal willingness to trade one good or service for another that can be influenced by culture, income level and information making it time- and context-specific Societal values as the aggregation of values by individual 14
  • 15. Measuring Performance Systems Buildings Other structures: Highway bridges Facilities: Water treatment plants Infrastructure: Water delivery Network: Electric power distribution Communities Performance Space availability Throughput traffic Water production capacity Water available for consumption Power delivered Economic output Quality of life (consumption) Units Area per day Count per day Volume per day Volume Power per day Dollars Dollars 15
  • 16. Economic Valuation of Resilience 16
  • 17. Decision Analysis Identify alternatives (strategies) Assess benefits and costs of each Assess impacts of strategy on future options Benefit = Valuation Differential due to an Action Benefit B/C Ratio Cost B/C B C 2 2 B C Benefit P 1 1 PBenefit Cost 0 Cost 17
  • 18. Resilience Segregation & Aggregation For 0<Ri<1, (MCEER 2010) defines R1.R2 Resilience ( R12 ) R1 R2 R1.R2 0.9 0.8 SystemResilience(R) For identical components using the independence assumption 1 n=1 0.7 0.6 0.5 n=2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 n=10 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 IdenticalComponentResilience(Ri) 0.8 1 18
  • 19. Concluding Remarks Resilience metrics System analysis (interdependence) Resilience aggregation Announcements ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems Proposed ASME CRTD workshop on Resilience and Nuclear Facilities Thank you 19