Bacterial GrowthBacterial GrowthBacterial GrowthBacterial GrowthBacterial Growth

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Bacterial GrowthBacterial GrowthBacterial GrowthBacterial GrowthBacterial GrowthBacterial GrowthBacterial GrowthBacterial Growth

• Orderly increase in the sum of all components
of an organism
• Bacterial reproduction/division is by binary
fission.
• Bacterial life cycle & Generation time

Growth cycle- Four major phases
1- Lag phase (Period of adjustment)
2- Log phase (Exponential)
3- Stationary phase
4- Decline/Death phase

Bacterial GrowthBacterial GrowthBacterial GrowthBacterial GrowthBacterial Growth

• Lag Phase:
.Immediately after inoculation
.Of short duration
.Adjustment. Doubling is not immediate,
remain unchanged
.Defficient in enzymes or co-enzymes
.Physiologically very active, form new
protoplasm
.Increase in size but not in number

• Log phase:
Org rapidly multiply
.Chemostat & Turbidostat

• Stationary phase:
.Another straight line
.Depletion of nutrients and toxic products

• Decline / death phase
Number of dying bacteria is much more than
those dividing

1. During acute inflammation, leukocytes marginate and roll along vessel walls before firmly adhering and transmigrating between endothelial cells into tissues. 2. Once in tissues, leukocytes migrate toward sites of infection or injury via chemotaxis guided by chemical gradients of chemoattractants. 3. The adhesion and migration of leukocytes is regulated by cell surface adhesion molecules including selectins, immunoglobulins, integrins, and mucins that bind counterparts on endothelial cells.

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The document discusses several chemical mediators involved in inflammation, including kinins, coagulation factors, arachidonic acid metabolites, and platelet-activating factor. The kinin system is activated by factor XIIa and involves bradykinin, which causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain. Arachidonic acid is released from cell membranes by phospholipases and converted by cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases into prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, which promote inflammation. Coagulation is initiated by factor XIIa and involves thrombin production. Platelet-activating factor aggregates platelets and stimulates the release of other medi

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