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BACTERIAL INFECTIONS.pptx
- 2. Microbes Microbes are tiny living things found all around us too small to be seen by the naked eye. They live in water, soil, and in the air. The human body is home to millions of these microbes too, also called microorganisms. The most common types are bacteria, viruses and fungi. Protozoa, responsible for diseases such as toxoplasmosis and malaria. Antimicrobials
- 3. Bacteria Bacteria, also called germs Microscopic organisms Not visible with the naked eye. Uni-cellular Found inside and outside body. TYPES Aerobic Need oxygen to live e.g Anaerobic Will die around oxygen e.g Facultative anaerobes Function best with oxygen but do not need it e.g
- 4. Gram positive & Gram Negative Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet color and stains purple Gram-negative bacteria lose crystal violet and stain red Gram Negative Infections: pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound or surgical site infections, and meningitis Gram Positive Infections: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin- resistant enterococci (VRE), and Clostridium difficile
- 6. Antibacterial Medications used to treat bacterial infections Identify the causative organism and potential antibiotic susceptibilities. Culture Sensitivity Test must be performed. Ideally, before beginning antibiotic therapy
- 7. Classification of Antibacterial (structural)
- 8. Classification of Antibacterial (MOA)
- 9. 1. Acute Bacterial Sinusitis Causes the spaces inside your nose (sinuses) to become inflamed and swollen. Interferes with drainage and causes mucus to build up. With acute sinusitis, it might be difficult to Breathe through your nose Swelling around eyes & face Throbbing facial pain or a headache Chronic sinusitis: Sinusitis that lasts more than 12 weeks Caused by the common cold.
- 10. 2. Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. Air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), Causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Caused by Bacteria. The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumonia. Fungi. This type of pneumonia is most common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems, and in people who have inhaled large doses of the organisms. Viruses, including COVID-19. Some of the viruses that cause colds and the flu can cause pneumonia. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) may cause pneumonia, which can become severe.
- 11. 3. Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (AECB) An inflammation of the lining of the tubes that carry air to and from the lungs (bronchial tubes). Symptoms include coughing, phlegm production, and wheezing. Cough that persists for >2 years and, for at least 3 continuous months, produces phlegm.
- 12. 4. Skin and skin structure infection A bacterial infection of skin and associated tissues. Recently, the FDA has called them acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI). ABSSSI are common and encompass a variety of disease presentations and severity.
- 13. 5. Intra-abdominal infections Infections contained within the peritoneum or retroperitoneal space. Peritonitis is defined as the acute, inflammatory response of peritoneal lining to microorganisms, chemicals, irradiation, or foreign body injury. An abscess is a purulent collection of fluid separated from surrounding tissue by a wall consisting of inflammatory cells and adjacent organs. It usually contains necrotic debris, bacteria, and inflammatory cells. It is the second most commonly identified cause of severe sepsis in the intensive care unit (ICU).
- 14. 1. Complicated Skin & Skin Structure Infections Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are common, and Complicated SSTIs (cSSTIs) are the more extreme end of this clinical spectrum such as deep-seated infection, a requirement for surgical intervention, the presence of systemic signs of sepsis, the presence of complicating co-morbidities, accompanying neutropenia, accompanying ischaemia, tissue necrosis, burns and bites. Staphylococcus aureus is the commonest cause of SSTI across all continents.
- 15. 2. Complicated Intra-abdominal Infection Complicated IAI the infection proceeds beyond a singularly affected organ and causes either localized peritonitis (intra-abdominal abscesses) or diffuse peritonitis.
- 16. 3. Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. Air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), Causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Caused by Bacteria. The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumonia.. Fungi. This type of pneumonia is most common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems, and in people who have inhaled large doses of the organisms. Viruses, including COVID-19. Some of the viruses that cause colds and the flu can cause pneumonia. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) may cause pneumonia, which can become severe.
- 17. 4. Febrile Neutropenia A single oral temperature measurement of 38.3属 C (101属 F) or a temperature of 38.0属 C (100.4属 F) Sustained over 1 hour. A condition marked by fever and a lower-than- normal number of neutrophils in the blood. A neutrophil is a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection.
- 18. 5. Bacterial Meningitis Meningitis affects the meninges Meninges: the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord and protect the central nervous system (CNS), together with the cerebrospinal fluid. Bacterial meningitis is the most serious type of meningitis. It can lead to death or permanent disability. Causing Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and Group B Streptococcus
- 19. 1. Serious Gram-negative infections Gram-negative bacteria can cause many serious infections Pneumonia Peritonitis (inflammation of the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity) Urinary tract infections Bloodstream infections Wound or surgical site infections Meningitis
- 20. 2. Bone Joint Infections Occur in the bones and joints of the arms and legs. An infection of the bone is called osteomyelitis and Joint infection is called septic arthritis Bone and joint infections are usually caused by bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus (or staph)
- 21. 3. Lower respiratory tract infections Infections in the lungs or below the voice box. These include Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Tuberculosis.
- 22. 4. Septicemia Septicemia is a serious bloodstream infection. It's also known as blood poisoning. Septicemia occurs when a bacterial infection elsewhere in the body, such as the lungs or skin, enters the bloodstream.
- 23. 5. Bacterial Meningitis Meningitis affects the meninges Meninges: the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord and protect the central nervous system (CNS), together with the cerebrospinal fluid. Bacterial meningitis is the most serious type of meningitis. It can lead to death or permanent disability. Causing Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and Group B Streptococcus
- 24. 1. Intra-abdominal infections Infections contained within the peritoneum or retroperitoneal space. Peritonitis is defined as the acute, inflammatory response of peritoneal lining to microorganisms, chemicals, irradiation, or foreign body injury. An abscess is a purulent collection of fluid separated from surrounding tissue by a wall consisting of inflammatory cells and adjacent organs. It usually contains necrotic debris, bacteria, and inflammatory cells. It is the second most commonly identified cause of severe sepsis in the intensive care unit (ICU).
- 25. 2. Skin and skin structure infections A bacterial infection of skin and associated tissues. Recently, the FDA has called them acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI). ABSSSI are common and encompass a variety of disease presentations and severity.
- 26. 3. Lower respiratory tract infections Infections in the lungs or below the voice box. These include pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis.
- 27. 4. Gynecological infections A number of conditions affecting the vagina and genital tract caused by pathogens. Types of gynecological infection include: Bacterial vaginosis (change in the normal balance of vaginal bacteria) Candida (fungal infection) Chlamydia Gonorrhea (sexually transmitted bacterium) Pelvic inflammatory disease (sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries) Herpes (infection due to virus)
- 28. 5. Febrile Neutropenia A single oral temperature measurement of 38.3属 C (101属 F) or a temperature of 38.0属 C (100.4属 F) Sustained over 1 hour. A condition marked by fever and a lower-than- normal number of neutrophils in the blood. A neutrophil is a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection.
- 29. 1. Staphylococcus enterocolitis An inflammation that is usually caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with staph enterotoxin. The toxin, not the bacterium, settles in the small intestine and causes inflammation and swelling. Cause abdominal pain, cramping, dehydration, diarrhea and fever.
- 30. 2. Pseudomembranous colitis Swelling or inflammation of the large intestine (colon) due to an overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) bacteria. Large intestine inflammation
- 31. 3. Endocarditis Infection of the inner layer of the heart or the heart valves. The heart has 4 valves. These valves help the blood flow through the heart and lungs and out to the body. When a person has bacterial endocarditis, these valves may not be able to work properly.
- 32. 4. Enterococci Enterococci are gram-positive, facultative anaerobic organisms. Cause a variety of infections, including Endocarditis Urinary tract infections Prostatitis (painful urination) Intra-abdominal infection Cellulitis (skin infection)
- 33. 5. Staphylococcus Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria Types of germs commonly found on the skin or in the nose of even healthy individuals. Most of the time, these bacteria cause no problems or result in relatively minor skin infections.
- 34. 6. Streptococcal species Streptococcus species are responsible for many cases of Pink eye Meningitis Bacterial pneumonia Endocarditis Erysipelas Necrotizing fasciitis (infection due to death of soft tissues).
- 35. 7. Septicemia Bloodstream infection. It's also known as blood poisoning. Septicemia occurs when a bacterial infection elsewhere in the body, such as the lungs or skin, enters the bloodstream. This is dangerous because the bacteria and their toxins can be carried through the bloodstream to your entire body.
- 36. 1. Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (AECB) An inflammation of the lining of the tubes that carry air to and from the lungs (bronchial tubes). Symptoms include coughing, phlegm production, and wheezing. Cough that persists for >2 years and, for at least 3 continuous months, produces phlegm.
- 37. 2. Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. Air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), Causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Caused by Bacteria. The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumonia.. Fungi. This type of pneumonia is most common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems, and in people who have inhaled large doses of the organisms. Viruses, including COVID-19. Some of the viruses that cause colds and the flu can cause pneumonia. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) may cause pneumonia, which can become severe.
- 38. 3. Cystitis Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder. Inflammation is where part of your body becomes irritated, red, or swollen. The cause of cystitis is a urinary tract infection (UTI). A UTI happens when bacteria enter the bladder or urethra and begin to multiply.
- 39. 4. Skin and skin structure infections A bacterial infection of skin and associated tissues. Recently, the FDA has called them acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI). ABSSSI are common and encompass a variety of disease presentations and severity.
- 40. 5. Intra-abdominal infections Infections contained within the peritoneum or retroperitoneal space. Peritonitis is defined as the acute, inflammatory response of peritoneal lining to microorganisms, chemicals, irradiation, or foreign body injury. An abscess is a purulent collection of fluid separated from surrounding tissue by a wall consisting of inflammatory cells and adjacent organs. It usually contains necrotic debris, bacteria, and inflammatory cells. It is the second most commonly identified cause of severe sepsis in the intensive care unit (ICU).
- 41. 6. Pyelonephritis Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney due to a bacterial infection. Symptoms most often include Fever, tenderness Nausea Burning with urination Frequent urination. Complications may include pus around the kidney, sepsis, or kidney failure.
- 42. 7. Bone Joint Infections, Osteomyelitis Occur in the bones and joints of the arms and legs. An infection of the bone is called osteomyelitis and Joint infection is called septic arthritis Bone and joint infections are usually caused by bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus (or staph) Osteomyelitis is a bone infection usually caused by bacteria