adalah bahan yang tidak dianggap langsung mempengaruhi hayat hidup orang banyak dan digunakan untuk bahan baku industri.
Contoh: garam, pasir, marmer, batu kapur dan asbes.
Dokumen tersebut merangkum teori lempeng tektonik yang menjelaskan pergerakan benua. Teori ini menyatakan bahwa kerak bumi terbagi menjadi lempeng-lempeng besar yang bergerak di atas mantel. Pergerakan lempeng disebabkan oleh aliran konvektif di mantel. Ada tiga jenis batasan lempeng yaitu konvergen, divergen, dan transform.
Organisasi Negara-negara Pengekspor Minyak Bumi (OPEC) didirikan pada tahun 1960 oleh lima negara yaitu Iran, Irak, Kuwait, Arab Saudi, dan Venezuela untuk meningkatkan harga minyak mentah mereka di pasar internasional. OPEC bermarkas di Wina, Austria dan bertujuan untuk mengkoordinasikan kebijakan penentuan harga dan produksi minyak antar negara anggotanya.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang karst dan bentuk-bentuk lahan karst. Karst terbentuk dari proses pelarutan batuan kapur oleh air hujan di daerah beriklim tropis. Bentuk-bentuk lahan karst negatif meliputi doline, uvala, dan polje. Sedangkan bentuk-bentuk positifnya adalah stalaktit, stalakmit, grous, dan lainnya. Karst memiliki berbagai manfaat seperti sumber daya mineral, objek wisata,
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang hukum-hukum dasar dalam ilmu geologi seperti hukum superposisi, horisontalitas, original continuity, faunal succession, strata identified by fossils, uniformitarianisme, dan prinsip-prinsip akumulasi lateral. Hukum-hukum tersebut digunakan untuk mempelajari susunan dan hubungan batuan dalam ruang dan waktu.
Tokoh tokoh yang Mengatasi Disintegrasi Bangsa_SMA N 1 KejayanSMA N 1 KEJAYAN
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Dokumen tersebut membahas tokoh-tokoh yang mengatasi masalah disintegrasi bangsa di Indonesia melalui penumpasan berbagai pemberontakan seperti PRRI, PKI Madiun, DI/TII, dan APRA. Tokoh-tokoh kunci yang disebutkan dalam dokumen ini antara lain Kolonel A.E. Kawilarang, Kolonel Gatot Subroto, Jenderal Sarbini, Jenderal Sutarman, dan Kolonel Lembong.
Pola pengeboran tambang terbuka dan tambang bawah tanah berbeda karena faktor luas area, volume hasil peledakan, suplai udara segar, dan keselamatan kerja. Tambang terbuka memiliki area yang lebih luas dan volume hasil peledakan besar, sedangkan tambang bawah tanah terbatas ruangnya dan memerlukan sistem ventilasi yang baik. Pola pengeboran tambang terbuka membutuhkan dua bidang bebas sedangkan tambang bawah tanah
Paper Vertion: Kondisi Ekosistem Terumbu Karang Serta Strategi Pengelolaannya...Mujiyanto -
油
Penelitian dilakukan di perairan Pulau Rakit dan Pulau Ganteng di perairan Teluk Saleh Nusa Tenggara Barat pada tahun 2005 dengan waktu pelaksanaan pada bulan Mei dan Oktber 2005. Berdasarkan informasi dari nelayan, terumbu karang di perairan Teluk Saleh, Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) sudah mengalami banyak kerusakan, terutama pada perairan yang dangkal yaitu pada kedalaman kurang dari 15 meter. Pengamatan dan perhitungan persentase penutupan karang dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Line Intercef Transect (LIT). Kerusakan terumbu karang tersebut akibat dari kegiatan penangkapan ikan dengan cara-cara penangkapan yang tidak ramah lingkungan. Kondisi terumbu karang hidup pada kategori sedang, penutupan karang dalam kategori karang rusak. Adapun Strategi pengelolaan terumbu karang berdasarkan permasalah yang ditemukan di lokasi, secara garis besarnya adalah dengan memberdayakan masyarakat pesisir yang secara langsung bergantung pada pengelolaan terumbu karang, mengurangi laju degradasi kondisi terumbu karang yang ada pada saat ini serta mengelola terumbu karang berdasarkan karakteristik ekosistem, potensi, pemanfaatan dan status hukumnya.
Ringkasan dokumen laporan fieldtrip geologi dasar oleh Rima Rosaliana ini adalah sebagai berikut:
Laporan ini membahas hasil fieldtrip geologi yang dilakukan di dua lokasi yaitu Desa Watu Kosek, Mojokerto dan Desa Wringin Anom, Gresik. Mahasiswa melakukan pengamatan terhadap berbagai jenis batuan seperti breksi, andesit, tuff, dan siderit serta mengukur koordinat dan elevasi setiap lokasi pen
Disebut juga Demokrasi Parlementer.
Berlaku sebulan setelah kemerdekaan diproklamasikan
Pada tahun tersebut Indonesia masih berjuang menghadapi Belanda
Lama Periode : 18 Agustus 1945 27 Desember 1949
Bentuk Negara : Kesatuan
Bentuk Pemerintahan : Republic
Sistem Pemerintahan : Presidensial
Konstitusi : UUD 1945
Presiden & Wapres :
Ir. Soekarno & Mohammad Hatta
(18 Agustus 1945 - 19 Desember 1948)
Syafruddin Prawiranegara (ketua PDRI)
(19 Desember 1948 - 13 Juli 1949)
Ir. Soekarno & Mohammad Hatta
(13 Juli 1949-27 Desember 1949)
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang perencanaan peledakan, termasuk faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perencanaan peledakan seperti aspek teknis, keselamatan, dan lingkungan. Dokumen tersebut juga menjelaskan parameter-parameter penting dalam perencanaan peledakan seperti diameter lubang ledak, tinggi jenjang, fragmentasi batuan, dan geometri peledakan.
Buku Kurikulum Merdeka PAUD Usia 3-4 Tahun TA 2024/2025Redis Manik
油
Buku Kurikulum Merdeka PAUD Usia 3-4 Tahun TA 2024/2025
Kurikulum Merdeka untuk PAUD seperti apa? 087782527700
"Kurikulum Merdeka tingkat PAUD sering disebut dengan Merdeka Bermain karena proses pembelajarannya yang bertujuan agar anak memiliki persepsi bahwa belajar itu menyenangkan, bukan memberatkan. Dalam konteks Pendidikan anak usia dini, Merdeka Belajar itu adalah Merdeka Bermain. Karena bermain adalah belajar
Perjuangan Meraih Kemerdekaan Pada Masa Pendudukan JepangFani K
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Perjuangan rakyat Indonesia untuk merdeka dari penjajahan Jepang dilakukan dengan berbagai cara. Pada akhirnya Indonesia dapat menang melawan penjajah setelah bertahun-tahun dijajah bangsa lain.
Tragedi Trisakti terjadi pada 13 Mei 1998 di depan kantor Walikota Jakarta Barat ketika ratusan mahasiswa Universitas Trisakti melakukan aksi damai untuk menyampaikan aspirasi namun dihadang oleh aparat keamanan. Negosiasi yang dilakukan tidak membuahkan hasil dan berujung penembakan yang menewaskan 4 mahasiswa dan melukai puluhan lainnya.
Mata kuliah ini membahas tahapan kegiatan industri pertambangan mulai dari prospeksi, eksplorasi, evaluasi, perencanaan, penambangan, pengangkutan, pemurnian, dan pemasaran. Juga dibahas klasifikasi sumber daya dan cadangan mineral berdasarkan tingkat keyakinan geologi dan kelayakan ekonomis.
Dokumen tersebut membahas peristiwa-peristiwa penting menuju proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia, mulai dari kekalahan Jepang hingga pembentukan negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia setelah proklamasi. Beberapa peristiwa kunci yang diuraikan antara lain perbedaan pendapat soal waktu proklamasi, penyusunan teks proklamasi, pembacaan proklamasi pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945, serta langkah-langkah awal p
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai kasus pelanggaran HAM di Indonesia, mulai dari peristiwa Tanjung Priok dan pembunuhan Munir hingga kasus kekerasan di sekolah dan dalam keluarga seperti kasus pencabulan anak.
Mangan adalah logam abu-abu kehitaman yang digunakan dalam produksi baja dan aluminium untuk meningkatkan kekuatan dan ketahanan. Mangan juga digunakan dalam industri baterai kering, energi, elektronik, keramik, kaca, dan pertanian. Di Indonesia, cadangan mangan tersebar di berbagai wilayah dan bijihnya diekstrak menggunakan penambangan terbuka maupun bawah tanah.
This document presents a seminar on sedimentology given by Jayaram Shetty, a third semester geology student at the University of Mysore, under the guidance of Prof. Dr. P. Madhesh. The seminar covered the definition of sedimentology and sedimentary rocks, classification of sedimentary rocks into clastic and non-clastic types, importance of sedimentary rocks, and conclusions. Common sedimentary rocks discussed included conglomerate, sandstone, shale, limestone, breccias, mudstone, arkose, greywacke, sandy siltstone, dolomite, evaporite, flint, jasper, agate, and coal.
Mining is the process of validating and recording transactions on a blockchain network. While the term is most commonly associated with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, it can also refer to the process of extracting valuable minerals from the Earth's crust. In this response, I'll focus on cryptocurrency mining.
1. **Bitcoin and Proof of Work (PoW)**:
Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency, introduced the concept of mining as a way to secure its network. Bitcoin mining operates on a consensus mechanism called Proof of Work (PoW). Miners compete to solve complex mathematical puzzles to validate and add new blocks to the blockchain. This process requires substantial computational power, and miners are rewarded with newly created bitcoins and transaction fees for their efforts.
2. **Mining Equipment**:
Mining cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin requires specialized hardware, such as ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) miners, which are designed specifically for mining cryptocurrencies using the PoW algorithm. These machines are optimized for performing the necessary computations efficiently.
3. **Mining Pools**:
As mining has become more competitive and resource-intensive, individual miners often join mining pools to combine their resources and increase their chances of successfully mining blocks. Mining pools distribute rewards among participants based on their contributed computational power.
4. **Energy Consumption**:
Cryptocurrency mining, particularly Bitcoin mining, consumes significant amounts of energy due to the computational power required to solve cryptographic puzzles. This has led to concerns about its environmental impact, especially when powered by non-renewable energy sources.
5. **Other Consensus Mechanisms**:
While PoW is the most well-known consensus mechanism for mining cryptocurrencies, other mechanisms like Proof of Stake (PoS), Proof of Authority (PoA), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) have emerged. These alternatives aim to address some of the scalability, energy consumption, and centralization issues associated with PoW.
6. **Altcoin Mining**:
Besides Bitcoin, there are thousands of other cryptocurrencies (altcoins) that utilize various mining algorithms and consensus mechanisms. Some altcoins still use PoW, while others employ PoS or other consensus mechanisms. Altcoin mining can be profitable depending on factors like the coin's value, mining difficulty, and operating costs.
7. **Regulatory Considerations**:
Mining operations are subject to regulatory scrutiny in many jurisdictions due to concerns about energy consumption, environmental impact, and potential illicit activities like money laundering. Regulatory frameworks around cryptocurrency mining vary widely from country to country.
Overall, mining plays a crucial role in securing blockchain networks and validating transactions, but it also poses challenges related to energy consumption, environmental impact, and regulatory compliance.
Pola pengeboran tambang terbuka dan tambang bawah tanah berbeda karena faktor luas area, volume hasil peledakan, suplai udara segar, dan keselamatan kerja. Tambang terbuka memiliki area yang lebih luas dan volume hasil peledakan besar, sedangkan tambang bawah tanah terbatas ruangnya dan memerlukan sistem ventilasi yang baik. Pola pengeboran tambang terbuka membutuhkan dua bidang bebas sedangkan tambang bawah tanah
Paper Vertion: Kondisi Ekosistem Terumbu Karang Serta Strategi Pengelolaannya...Mujiyanto -
油
Penelitian dilakukan di perairan Pulau Rakit dan Pulau Ganteng di perairan Teluk Saleh Nusa Tenggara Barat pada tahun 2005 dengan waktu pelaksanaan pada bulan Mei dan Oktber 2005. Berdasarkan informasi dari nelayan, terumbu karang di perairan Teluk Saleh, Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) sudah mengalami banyak kerusakan, terutama pada perairan yang dangkal yaitu pada kedalaman kurang dari 15 meter. Pengamatan dan perhitungan persentase penutupan karang dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Line Intercef Transect (LIT). Kerusakan terumbu karang tersebut akibat dari kegiatan penangkapan ikan dengan cara-cara penangkapan yang tidak ramah lingkungan. Kondisi terumbu karang hidup pada kategori sedang, penutupan karang dalam kategori karang rusak. Adapun Strategi pengelolaan terumbu karang berdasarkan permasalah yang ditemukan di lokasi, secara garis besarnya adalah dengan memberdayakan masyarakat pesisir yang secara langsung bergantung pada pengelolaan terumbu karang, mengurangi laju degradasi kondisi terumbu karang yang ada pada saat ini serta mengelola terumbu karang berdasarkan karakteristik ekosistem, potensi, pemanfaatan dan status hukumnya.
Ringkasan dokumen laporan fieldtrip geologi dasar oleh Rima Rosaliana ini adalah sebagai berikut:
Laporan ini membahas hasil fieldtrip geologi yang dilakukan di dua lokasi yaitu Desa Watu Kosek, Mojokerto dan Desa Wringin Anom, Gresik. Mahasiswa melakukan pengamatan terhadap berbagai jenis batuan seperti breksi, andesit, tuff, dan siderit serta mengukur koordinat dan elevasi setiap lokasi pen
Disebut juga Demokrasi Parlementer.
Berlaku sebulan setelah kemerdekaan diproklamasikan
Pada tahun tersebut Indonesia masih berjuang menghadapi Belanda
Lama Periode : 18 Agustus 1945 27 Desember 1949
Bentuk Negara : Kesatuan
Bentuk Pemerintahan : Republic
Sistem Pemerintahan : Presidensial
Konstitusi : UUD 1945
Presiden & Wapres :
Ir. Soekarno & Mohammad Hatta
(18 Agustus 1945 - 19 Desember 1948)
Syafruddin Prawiranegara (ketua PDRI)
(19 Desember 1948 - 13 Juli 1949)
Ir. Soekarno & Mohammad Hatta
(13 Juli 1949-27 Desember 1949)
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang perencanaan peledakan, termasuk faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perencanaan peledakan seperti aspek teknis, keselamatan, dan lingkungan. Dokumen tersebut juga menjelaskan parameter-parameter penting dalam perencanaan peledakan seperti diameter lubang ledak, tinggi jenjang, fragmentasi batuan, dan geometri peledakan.
Buku Kurikulum Merdeka PAUD Usia 3-4 Tahun TA 2024/2025Redis Manik
油
Buku Kurikulum Merdeka PAUD Usia 3-4 Tahun TA 2024/2025
Kurikulum Merdeka untuk PAUD seperti apa? 087782527700
"Kurikulum Merdeka tingkat PAUD sering disebut dengan Merdeka Bermain karena proses pembelajarannya yang bertujuan agar anak memiliki persepsi bahwa belajar itu menyenangkan, bukan memberatkan. Dalam konteks Pendidikan anak usia dini, Merdeka Belajar itu adalah Merdeka Bermain. Karena bermain adalah belajar
Perjuangan Meraih Kemerdekaan Pada Masa Pendudukan JepangFani K
油
Perjuangan rakyat Indonesia untuk merdeka dari penjajahan Jepang dilakukan dengan berbagai cara. Pada akhirnya Indonesia dapat menang melawan penjajah setelah bertahun-tahun dijajah bangsa lain.
Tragedi Trisakti terjadi pada 13 Mei 1998 di depan kantor Walikota Jakarta Barat ketika ratusan mahasiswa Universitas Trisakti melakukan aksi damai untuk menyampaikan aspirasi namun dihadang oleh aparat keamanan. Negosiasi yang dilakukan tidak membuahkan hasil dan berujung penembakan yang menewaskan 4 mahasiswa dan melukai puluhan lainnya.
Mata kuliah ini membahas tahapan kegiatan industri pertambangan mulai dari prospeksi, eksplorasi, evaluasi, perencanaan, penambangan, pengangkutan, pemurnian, dan pemasaran. Juga dibahas klasifikasi sumber daya dan cadangan mineral berdasarkan tingkat keyakinan geologi dan kelayakan ekonomis.
Dokumen tersebut membahas peristiwa-peristiwa penting menuju proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia, mulai dari kekalahan Jepang hingga pembentukan negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia setelah proklamasi. Beberapa peristiwa kunci yang diuraikan antara lain perbedaan pendapat soal waktu proklamasi, penyusunan teks proklamasi, pembacaan proklamasi pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945, serta langkah-langkah awal p
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai kasus pelanggaran HAM di Indonesia, mulai dari peristiwa Tanjung Priok dan pembunuhan Munir hingga kasus kekerasan di sekolah dan dalam keluarga seperti kasus pencabulan anak.
Mangan adalah logam abu-abu kehitaman yang digunakan dalam produksi baja dan aluminium untuk meningkatkan kekuatan dan ketahanan. Mangan juga digunakan dalam industri baterai kering, energi, elektronik, keramik, kaca, dan pertanian. Di Indonesia, cadangan mangan tersebar di berbagai wilayah dan bijihnya diekstrak menggunakan penambangan terbuka maupun bawah tanah.
This document presents a seminar on sedimentology given by Jayaram Shetty, a third semester geology student at the University of Mysore, under the guidance of Prof. Dr. P. Madhesh. The seminar covered the definition of sedimentology and sedimentary rocks, classification of sedimentary rocks into clastic and non-clastic types, importance of sedimentary rocks, and conclusions. Common sedimentary rocks discussed included conglomerate, sandstone, shale, limestone, breccias, mudstone, arkose, greywacke, sandy siltstone, dolomite, evaporite, flint, jasper, agate, and coal.
Mining is the process of validating and recording transactions on a blockchain network. While the term is most commonly associated with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, it can also refer to the process of extracting valuable minerals from the Earth's crust. In this response, I'll focus on cryptocurrency mining.
1. **Bitcoin and Proof of Work (PoW)**:
Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency, introduced the concept of mining as a way to secure its network. Bitcoin mining operates on a consensus mechanism called Proof of Work (PoW). Miners compete to solve complex mathematical puzzles to validate and add new blocks to the blockchain. This process requires substantial computational power, and miners are rewarded with newly created bitcoins and transaction fees for their efforts.
2. **Mining Equipment**:
Mining cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin requires specialized hardware, such as ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) miners, which are designed specifically for mining cryptocurrencies using the PoW algorithm. These machines are optimized for performing the necessary computations efficiently.
3. **Mining Pools**:
As mining has become more competitive and resource-intensive, individual miners often join mining pools to combine their resources and increase their chances of successfully mining blocks. Mining pools distribute rewards among participants based on their contributed computational power.
4. **Energy Consumption**:
Cryptocurrency mining, particularly Bitcoin mining, consumes significant amounts of energy due to the computational power required to solve cryptographic puzzles. This has led to concerns about its environmental impact, especially when powered by non-renewable energy sources.
5. **Other Consensus Mechanisms**:
While PoW is the most well-known consensus mechanism for mining cryptocurrencies, other mechanisms like Proof of Stake (PoS), Proof of Authority (PoA), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) have emerged. These alternatives aim to address some of the scalability, energy consumption, and centralization issues associated with PoW.
6. **Altcoin Mining**:
Besides Bitcoin, there are thousands of other cryptocurrencies (altcoins) that utilize various mining algorithms and consensus mechanisms. Some altcoins still use PoW, while others employ PoS or other consensus mechanisms. Altcoin mining can be profitable depending on factors like the coin's value, mining difficulty, and operating costs.
7. **Regulatory Considerations**:
Mining operations are subject to regulatory scrutiny in many jurisdictions due to concerns about energy consumption, environmental impact, and potential illicit activities like money laundering. Regulatory frameworks around cryptocurrency mining vary widely from country to country.
Overall, mining plays a crucial role in securing blockchain networks and validating transactions, but it also poses challenges related to energy consumption, environmental impact, and regulatory compliance.
This document summarizes key information about sedimentary rocks, including their formation processes (mechanical, organic, chemical), structural features (stratification, lamination, cross-bedding), and common types (limestone, sandstone, shale, laterite). Sedimentary rocks form from the deposition and consolidation of sediments and make up 70-80% of the Earth's surface. Their formation involves compaction, cementation, and crystallization. Structural features provide clues to depositional environments. Common types are described along with their compositions and uses.
Clay deposits form through weathering processes as rocks interact with water, air, or steam. There are two main types of clay deposits: primary deposits that form through residual processes, and secondary deposits that are eroded and transported. Major clay deposits in India are found in states like Kerala, Rajasthan, West Bengal, and Odisha. In Gujarat, china clay deposits are found associated with granite rocks in Mehsana and Sabarkantha districts. Clays have various industrial and traditional uses like ceramic production, construction materials, medicine, and more.
Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of magma. They are classified based on their texture, mineral composition, and mode of formation. The three main types are volcanic, plutonic, and hypabyssal rocks. Common igneous rocks include granite, basalt, pumice, and diorite. Granite is widely used in construction due to its hardness, frost resistance, and high compressive strength. Basalt is used for building blocks, cobblestones, and insulation. Engineering considerations for igneous rocks include alkali-silica reactivity and using weathered rocks for foundations.
The idea that nature can harm us is not new. Have you ever heard of malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, botulism or tetanus? Why, then, are so many convinced that anything and everything natural is healthier for us than synthetic products? It's true that modern chemistry has brought us a number of toxic chemicals, like DDT and dioxins, but do you really think that nature's chemicals are any less harmful to you? In fact, the most toxic chemicals to humans are completely natural! Not only that, but there is much evidence that natural pesticides allowed in organic farming are just as toxic as synthetic pesticides. It would be wonderful if it were simply a black versus white topic.
Unfortunately, the natural versus synthetic debate falls very much in the gray region, and each and every chemical, or class of chemicals, must be considered on a case by case basis. To make the situation more frustrating, the number of useful and accessible resources for consumers is limited, since the majority of the information on the internet and in the news is unfounded and unreferenced. Its no wonder that this idea has been able to take hold so well! The purpose of this post is to briefly discuss the most common misunderstandings about natural and synthetic chemicals:
1. Synthetic chemicals are more toxic than natural chemicals.
2. Organically grown food is better for you because its all natural.
3. Synthetic copies of natural chemicals are not as good for you.
This document discusses limestone, a sedimentary rock composed mostly of calcium carbonate. It describes two classification systems for limestone developed by Robert Folk and J.G. Dunham based on composition and texture. The document outlines several common uses of limestone, including in architecture, road and building construction, agriculture, and industrial applications such as cement production.
The document discusses the internal structure of the Earth and the solid part known as the geosphere. It is composed mainly of minerals and rocks. Minerals form over long periods of time through crystallization and are extracted from mines and quarries. Some key minerals mentioned include quartz, the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust, and graphite. Rocks are aggregates of minerals and can be classified as sedimentary, metamorphic, or igneous based on their formation process. Minerals and rocks have many important uses for buildings, infrastructure, agriculture, and more.
Clay minerals have many important uses beyond being the soils that grow plants. The main groups of clay minerals are kaolinite, illite, and smectites like montmorillonite. Kaolinite is used in ceramics while illite is common in marine clays and shales. Montmorillonite is highly absorbent and swelling, making it useful for drilling muds, cat litter, and sealing landfills. Bentonite deposits in Wyoming supply most of the world's sodium bentonite. Clay minerals are essential for applications like oil drilling, wastewater treatment, pharmaceuticals, and cat litter.
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized grains of minerals and rock fragments bound together by a cement, such as silica or calcium carbonate. It forms under both marine and terrestrial environments. Sandstone has been widely used as a building material in structures like temples, homes, and monuments due to its hardness yet ability to be carved. It is also used for grindstones, statues, and filtering pollutants from water due to its porous nature. Major deposits of sandstone can be found around the world, including in the United States, South Africa, and Europe.
This document provides an overview of carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolostone. It discusses their classification including the Folk and Dunham schemes, properties, formation, and common uses. Limestone is composed of calcite and aragonite while dolostone contains dolomite. These rocks form in marine environments and are widely used as building materials. Their solubility also leads to karst topographies and cave formation over thousands of years.
Types, importance and uses of rocks inSameer Nawab
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This document discusses the types, importance, and uses of rocks in construction. It outlines three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and describes their formation processes. It then discusses specific rock types like granite, limestone, sandstone, and marble, outlining their common construction applications like buildings, monuments, and bridges. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding a rock's properties for determining appropriate construction uses and foundations. Proper geological analysis is important for engineering projects to be built safely and economically.
Rocks can be divided into three main groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Sedimentary rocks form from the deposition of minerals and organic materials. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma. Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth's crust and are classified by their texture and mineral composition. Common rocks include marble, granite, quartz, and limestone.
This document discusses different types of stones that are commonly used as building materials. It describes several stones including granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, slate, and basalt. These stones are classified based on factors like hardness, texture, and chemical composition. The document outlines the characteristics of good building stones, which include being durable, easily obtainable, and weathering well. It also lists common uses of stone in construction such as for floors, walls, roads, and filters.
Granite, marble, and quartz are compared in terms of their appearance, properties, and applications. Granite has a variety of colors while marble is typically white/gray with veins. Granite is stronger and harder than marble. Both granite and marble are porous stones while quartz is non-porous. Granite is more durable and resistant to acids, making it suitable for kitchens. Marble is softer and more prone to staining, so it is better for areas with less traffic like bathrooms. Granite requires less maintenance than marble.
This document provides an overview of mineral resources, including definitions, classification, history, uses, exploitation, and environmental impacts of mineral extraction. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and internal crystal structure. Minerals are divided into four main types: metallic, non-metallic, mineral fuels, and radioactive minerals. The document discusses how minerals have been used by humans for hundreds of years and lists some major minerals found in India such as coal, lignite, uranium, aluminum, and iron. It also summarizes some of the environmental impacts of mining, including land degradation, water and air pollution, and health hazards. A case study on mining in Udaipur, India is
Natural & Artificial stones & its uses in designing Ramya S
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Rock is a natural solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids that make up the Earth's crust. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Natural stone refers to blocks cut from quarries that are used for construction, including granite, marble, limestone, travertine, slate, basalt, quartzite, and sandstone. Each has different properties making them suitable for various applications like flooring, countertops, and buildings. Artificial stones are man-made mixtures that imitate natural stones through the use of materials like resin, cement, and stone chips.
Basalt is a common volcanic rock that forms from the rapid cooling of lava at or near the Earth's surface. It is dark in color and composed mainly of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. Basalt commonly occurs as lava flows and covers much of the ocean floor. Large volcanic eruptions of basalt form extensive lava flows called flood basalts, such as the Deccan Traps in India. Basalt weathers to a brown or rust color due to oxidation of iron-rich minerals.
The document discusses the lithosphere and its composition. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The lithosphere is composed primarily of eight elements including oxygen, silicon, and magnesium that form minerals and rocks.
2) Minerals are naturally occurring substances composed of elements or compounds and rocks are combinations of minerals. There are over 2,000 types of minerals.
3) Rocks are classified based on their formation into three main types - igneous rocks formed from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks formed from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks formed from changes to pre-existing rocks through heat and pressure.
This course provides students with a comprehensive understanding of strategic management principles, frameworks, and applications in business. It explores strategic planning, environmental analysis, corporate governance, business ethics, and sustainability. The course integrates Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to enhance global and ethical perspectives in decision-making.
Hannah Borhan and Pietro Gagliardi OECD present 'From classroom to community ...EduSkills OECD
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Hannah Borhan, Research Assistant, OECD Education and Skills Directorate and Pietro Gagliardi, Policy Analyst, OECD Public Governance Directorate present at the OECD webinar 'From classroom to community engagement: Promoting active citizenship among young people" on 25 February 2025. You can find the recording of the webinar on the website https://oecdedutoday.com/webinars/
How to Configure Recurring Revenue in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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This slide will represent how to configure Recurring revenue. Recurring revenue are the income generated at a particular interval. Typically, the interval can be monthly, yearly, or we can customize the intervals for a product or service based on its subscription or contract.
Comprehensive Guide to Antibiotics & Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.pptxSamruddhi Khonde
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Comprehensive Guide to Antibiotics & Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, playing a crucial role in combating bacterial infections. Among them, Beta-Lactam antibiotics remain the most widely used class due to their effectiveness against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This guide provides a detailed overview of their history, classification, chemical structures, mode of action, resistance mechanisms, SAR, and clinical applications.
What Youll Learn in This Presentation
History & Evolution of Antibiotics
Cell Wall Structure of Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative Bacteria
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics: Classification & Subtypes
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems & Monobactams
Mode of Action (MOA) & Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR)
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors & Resistance Mechanisms
Clinical Applications & Challenges.
Why You Should Check This Out?
Essential for pharmacy, medical & life sciences students.
Provides insights into antibiotic resistance & pharmaceutical trends.
Useful for healthcare professionals & researchers in drug discovery.
Swipe through & explore the world of antibiotics today!
Like, Share & Follow for more in-depth pharma insights!
One Click RFQ Cancellation in Odoo 18 - Odoo 際際滷sCeline George
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In this slide, well discuss the one click RFQ Cancellation in odoo 18. One-Click RFQ Cancellation in Odoo 18 is a feature that allows users to quickly and easily cancel Request for Quotations (RFQs) with a single click.
Effective Product Variant Management in Odoo 18Celine George
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In this slide well discuss on the effective product variant management in Odoo 18. Odoo concentrates on managing product variations and offers a distinct area for doing so. Product variants provide unique characteristics like size and color to single products, which can be managed at the product template level for all attributes and variants or at the variant level for individual variants.
2. Bahan Golongan C
adalah bahan yang tidak dianggap langsung
mempengaruhi hayat hidup orang banyak dan
digunakan untuk bahan baku industri.
Contoh: garam, pasir, marmer, batu kapur dan asbes.
3. Meliputi:
Nitrat, fosfat, garam batu;
Asbes, talk, mika, grafit, magnesit;
Yarosit, leusit, tawas(alum), oker;
Batu permata, batu setengah permata;
Pasir kwarsa, kaolin, feldspar, gips, bentonit;
Batu apung, tras, obsidian, perlit, tanah diatome, tanah, tanah
serap;
Marmer, batu tulis;
Batu kapur, dolomit, kalsit;
Granit, andesit, basal, trakhit, tanah liat, dan pasir
4. Nitrat
Adalah suatu ion yangmempunyai stu atom nitrogen dan tiga
atom oksigen (NO-). Aktifitas mikroba di tanah atau air
3
menguraikan sampah yang mengandung nitrogen organik
kemudian menjadi ammonia dan di oksidasikan menjadi nitrit
dan nitrat. Terdapat pada sayuran, larutan pencuci pakaian,
obat anti bakteri, fungisida tanaman, dll.
Kegunaan: pupuk, pengawet/penghambat pertumbuhan
jamur.
5. Fosfat
adalah suatu unsur dalam suatu batuan beku (apatit) atau
sedimen dengan kandungan fosfor.
Bentuk:
1. Senyawa Fosfat Organik
Terdapat pada hewan dan tumbuhan
2. Senyawa Fosfat Anorganik
Terdapat pada air dan tanah yang terlarut di air tanah
maupun air laut
yang terkikis dan mengendap di sedimen.
Kegunaan: pembuatan pupuk, bahan peledak , korek api,
pestisia, odol dan detergen.
6. Garam
adalah senyawa kimia denganrumus molekul NaCl. Garam
merupakan senyawa netral dengan pH sekitar 7 yang terdiri
atas ion ion.
Terbentuk dari reaksi asam basa yaitu reaksi netralisasi.
Kegunaan: garam dapur, pengawet makanan, pembuatan
kaca, deterjen, dll.
7. Asbes
Adalah sebuah grup mineral metamorfis(batuan metamorf)
berfiber/berserat. Terdapat pada karang yang dihancurkan
dan di peroleh serat serat kemudian dibuat asbes.
Kegunaan: kopling, pelapis rem, pakaian pemadam
kebakaran, atap, dll.
8. Talk
Mineral yang lunak dan biasanya terjadi sebagai mineral
sekunder hasil hidrasi batuan pembawa magnesium. Talk
mempunyai sifat halus , licin, penghisap minyak, pengantar
panas.
Kegunaan: dapat manfaatkan sebagai mineral tahan api.
9. Mika
Suatu nama mineral yang serupa di dalam sifat fisis dan
komposisi kimia.
Kegunaan: papan dinding gips, industri cat sebagai pigmen,
penyekat/isolasi elektrik.
10. Grafit
Adalah mineral yang dapat berasal dari batuan beku,
sedimen, dan metamorf. Secara kimia grafit sama dengan
intan karena keduanya berkomposisi karbon, yang
membedakan adalah sifat fisik. Intan dikenal sangat keras
dan grafit agak lunak dan mudah ditemukan.
Kegunaan: dicampur bahan tahan api yang banyak
digunakan dalam industri baja, bentuk cetakan atau cawan.
Bahan pensil, zat warna untuk cat hitam.
11. Magnesit
Merupakanlogam teringan, cukup kuat, tahan terhadap korosi
di udara tetapi tak tahan terhadap air laut, serta mudah
terbakar. Magnesit dapat ditemukan dalam mineral sekunder
dan biasanya berasosiasi dengan batuan sedimen atau
batuan metamorfik, berasal dari endapan marin, kecuali
brukit.
Kegunaan: banyak digunakan untuk pembuatan batu bata
yang tahan api.
12. Tawas
Adalah kelompok garam rangkap berhidrat berupa kristal dan
bersifat isomorf. Dibuat dari molekul air dan dua jenis garam.
Kegunaan: penjernih air, bahan kosmetik, bahan anti api.
13. Batu Permata
Adalah sebuah mineral yang dibentuk dari hasil proses
geologi yang unsurnya terdiri atas satu atau beberapa
komponen kimia yang memiliki harga jual tinggi.
Kegunaan: hiasan
14. Gipsum
Adalah slah satu mineral dengan kadar kalsium yang
mendominasi pada mineralnya. Gipsum merupakan garam
yang pertama kali mengendap akibat proses evaporasi air
laut diikuti oleh anhidrit dan halit, ketika salinitas makin
bertambah.
Kegunaan:
1. Belum mengalami kalsinasi( pembuatan semen portland
dan pupuk)
2. Setelah mengalami kalsinasi( bahan bangunan, flester,
bahan dasar kapur, bedak, cetakan alat keramik, tuangan
logam, gig, dll.)
15. Batu Apung
Ialah istilah tekstural untuk batuan vulkanik yang merupakan
lava berbuih terpadatkan yang tersusun atas piroklastik kaca
yang amat mikrovesikular dengan dinding batuan beku
gunung berapi ekstrusif yang menggelembung, amat tipis dan
temus cahaya.
Kegunaan: media tanaman tumbuhan, alat kesehatan, bahan
bangunan, bahanindustri celna jeans digosokkan pada kain
agar berwarna putih.
16. Marmer
Adalah batuan kristalin kasar yang berasal dari batu gamping
atau dolomit. Marmer merupakan batuan hasil proses
metamorfosa atau malihan dari batu gamping.
Kegunaan: interior atau eksterior bangunan, patung, keramik,
meja perapian, dll.
17. Batu Kapur
Adalah batuan sedimen terdiri dari mineral kalsium karbonat.
Sumber utama kalsium karbonat adalah organisme laut.
Kegunaan: pembuat soda api, penurun kadar asam, industri
pupuk, penetral limbah, bahan baku semen, bahan dempul,
pemadam api, dll.
18. Dolomit
Adalah mineral yang berasal dari alam yang mengandung
unsur hara Magnesium dan Kalsium berbentuk tepung.
Pembentukan dolomit diantaranya dapat terjadi karena
tekanan air yang banyak mengandung unsur megnesium dan
prosesnya berlangsung lama.
Kegunaan: bahan pembuatan bangunan, pupuk
19. Granit
Adalah jenis batuan intrusf, fleksik, igneusnyang umum
banyak ditemukan. Terbentuk karena pembekuan magma
yang terjadi jauh di dalam bumi.
Kegunaan: bahan bangunan
20. Basal
Adalah batuan beku yang ekstrusif terbentuk dari solidifikasi
magma yang terjadi di permukaan bumi.
Kegunaan: industri poles, bahan bangunan dan sebagai
agregat.
21. Batu
Adalah bnda padat yang terbuat secara alami dari mineral
dan atau mineraloid. Batuan umumnya ada tiga jenis yaitu:
batuan beku, batuan sedimen, batuan metamorf.
Keguanan: bahan bangunan, bahan pembuatan jalan, dll
22. Tanah liat
Adalah partikel mineral berkerangka dasar silikat yang
berdiameter kurang dari 4 mikrometer. Mengandung leburan
silika dan atau alumunium yang halus.
Kegunanan: bahan kerajinan, bahan bangunan, keramik