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Basic commands

Vinay Thota
Vinay Thota

The document describes basic Linux commands for file system navigation and management. It provides the syntax and usage for commands such as ls, cd, touch, mkdir, rm, cp, mv, chown, chgrp, chmod and more. The commands allow users to list, view, create, delete, copy, move, rename and modify files, directories and permissions on a Linux system.

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Basic Commands 1.ls -l for listing the files as well as directories those are kept in the particular working directory syntax [root@nettech root]#ls -l 2.ls -la same as 'ls -l'but by this command we can also see the hiden files. syntax [root@nettech root]#ls -la 3.ls -li same as 'ls -la' but it will also shows us the inode number of each and every file syntax [root@nettech root]#ls -li 4.ls by this command we can see only file name nothing else syntax [root@nettech root]#ls 5.clear it will clear the screen(short cut ctl+l) syntax [root@nettech root]#clear 6.exit to end a current session as well current terminal logging syntax [root@nettech root]exit 7.touch to create a new empty file syntax [root@nettech root]#touch 8.cd to change the working/present directory syntax [root@nettech root]#cd /home/mango where '/home/mango' is the desired directory to be change from '/root' 9.cat to view the contents of a file and it is also used for creating a new file with some contents syntax [root@nettech root]#cat <file name> to view file contents [root@nettech root]#cat > newfilename enter,then you can write something in the file and then to save the file contents press clt+d then enter 10.mkdir to make a new directory syntax [root@nettech root]#mkdir newdirname you can also create a directory at your desired path without changing your present working directory syntax [root@nettech root]#mkdir /home/mango/newdirname 11.rm to remove a empty file syntax [root@nettech root]#rm filename Page 1
Basic Commands 12.rmdir to remove a empty directory syntax [root@nettech root]#rmdir directoryname 13.rm [-i/-r/-f] to remove a directory with its subdirectories as well as its files that is to remove a directory which already contains some files in it syntax [root@nettech root]#rm -i directory/filename -i stands for interactively -r stands for recursively -f stands for forcefully 14.cp to copy something in a destination file or directory syntax [root@nettech root]#cp sourcepath destinationpath example: [root@nettech root]#cp /home/mango/webmin.rpm /root/abcd in this example the webmin.rpm file will be copied in /root/abcd directory 15.mv to move one file or directory from one place to another place, it is also used for renaming adirectory or file syntax [root@nettech root]#mv source destination [root@nettech root]#mv oldfilename newfilename [to change the file name] 16.man to view the mannual page of commands for syntax syntax [root@nettech root]#man commandname 17.info to view the information about any command syntax [root@nettech root]#mkdir info 18.--help to view the help doccuments of a command syntax [root@nettech root]#commandname --help 19.dir to view the subdirectories and filesn under the directory syntax [root@nettech root]#dir 20.su - to become a super user syntax [mango@nettech mango]$su - output wil be [root@nettech root#] 21.who by this command you can see the user name and their ip addresses who have loged in on your server syntax [root@nettech root]#who 22.whoami this command shows your current logged in terminal user name syntax [root@nettech root]#whoami 23.who am i this command shows you the logged in terminal number and user name and more detailed information Page 2
Basic Commands syntax [root@nettech root]#who am i 24.pwd to view the present working directory syntax [root@nettech root]#pwd 25.rpm -ivh to intall a rpm package syntax [root@nettech root]#rpm -ivh packagename.rpm rpm stands for 'redhat package manager' -i stands for install -v stands for verbose mode -h stands for with hash sign(#) 26.rpm -q to querry about any rpm package syntax [root@nettech root]#rpm -q packagename 27.rpm -e to uninstall a rpm package synatx [root@nettech root]#rpm -e package 28.find / -name to find any file or directory in linux file system syntax [root@nettech root]#find / -name filename 29.su username to switch from one user to another users home directory syntax [root@nettech root]#su mango output will be [mango@nettech root]#cd [mango@nettech mango]# 30.su - username to switch from one user to another user users home directory directly syntax [root@nettech root]#su - mango 31.useradd to create a new user synatx [root@nettech root]#useradd username 32.passwd to give a password of a user syntax [root@nettech root]#passwd tarun output will be give a password for user tarun:(here you have to type a password for tarun user) confirm password:(again type the same password) 33.userdel to remove a user from linux syntax [root@nettech root]#userdel tarun Page 3
Basic Commands 34.groupadd to add a new group syntax [root@nettech root]#groupadd groupname 35.gruopdel to delete a group syntax [root@nettech root]#groupdel groupname 36.chown to change the ownership of a file or directory syntax [root@nettech root]#chown ownername filename example: [root@nettech /]#ls -l output drwxrw-rw- 2 root root 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd (permission) (own) (group own)(size) (name) [root@nettech root]#chown tarun /abcd in this example /abcd directory owner will be change to tarun user effect [root@nettech /]#ls -l drwxrw-rw- 2 tarun root 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd 37.chgrp to change the group ownership of a file or directory syntax [root@nettec root]#chgrp newgroupownername filename example [root@nettech /]#ls -l drwxrw-rw- 2 tarun root 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd [root@nettech root]#chgrp tarun /abcd effect [root@nettech /]#ls -l drwxrw-rw- 2 tarun tarun 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd 38.chmod to change the permission of a file or directory drwxrw-rw- 2 root root 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd (permission) (ownr) (grpownr) (size) (name) IN OCTAL VALUE d stands for directiry READ=4 r stands for read only permission WRITE=2 w stands for write only permission EXECUTE=1 x stands for execute only permission drwxrw-rw- FIRST OCTET FOR DENOTING THE DIRECTORY OR FILE OR LINK FILE ETC. SECOND THREE OCTET FOR USER OR OWNER PERMISSION (rwx OR 7 IN OCTAL VALUE) THIRD THREE OCTET FOR GROUP PERMISSION (rw- OR 6 IN OCTAL VALUE) FORTH THREE OCTET FOR OTHERS PERMISSION (rw- OR 6 IN OCTAL VALUE) SYNTAX [root@nettec root]#chmod value fileordirectoryname example [root@nettech /]#ls -l drwxrw-rw- 2 tarun root 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd [root@nettech /]#chmod 402 /abcd [root@nettech /]#ls -l drw-----w- 2 tarun tarun 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd 40.usermod to modify the user profile Page 4
Basic Commands synatx [root@nettech root]#usermod -parameter groupname username Page 5

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Basic commands

  • 1. Basic Commands 1.ls -l for listing the files as well as directories those are kept in the particular working directory syntax [root@nettech root]#ls -l 2.ls -la same as 'ls -l'but by this command we can also see the hiden files. syntax [root@nettech root]#ls -la 3.ls -li same as 'ls -la' but it will also shows us the inode number of each and every file syntax [root@nettech root]#ls -li 4.ls by this command we can see only file name nothing else syntax [root@nettech root]#ls 5.clear it will clear the screen(short cut ctl+l) syntax [root@nettech root]#clear 6.exit to end a current session as well current terminal logging syntax [root@nettech root]exit 7.touch to create a new empty file syntax [root@nettech root]#touch 8.cd to change the working/present directory syntax [root@nettech root]#cd /home/mango where '/home/mango' is the desired directory to be change from '/root' 9.cat to view the contents of a file and it is also used for creating a new file with some contents syntax [root@nettech root]#cat <file name> to view file contents [root@nettech root]#cat > newfilename enter,then you can write something in the file and then to save the file contents press clt+d then enter 10.mkdir to make a new directory syntax [root@nettech root]#mkdir newdirname you can also create a directory at your desired path without changing your present working directory syntax [root@nettech root]#mkdir /home/mango/newdirname 11.rm to remove a empty file syntax [root@nettech root]#rm filename Page 1
  • 2. Basic Commands 12.rmdir to remove a empty directory syntax [root@nettech root]#rmdir directoryname 13.rm [-i/-r/-f] to remove a directory with its subdirectories as well as its files that is to remove a directory which already contains some files in it syntax [root@nettech root]#rm -i directory/filename -i stands for interactively -r stands for recursively -f stands for forcefully 14.cp to copy something in a destination file or directory syntax [root@nettech root]#cp sourcepath destinationpath example: [root@nettech root]#cp /home/mango/webmin.rpm /root/abcd in this example the webmin.rpm file will be copied in /root/abcd directory 15.mv to move one file or directory from one place to another place, it is also used for renaming adirectory or file syntax [root@nettech root]#mv source destination [root@nettech root]#mv oldfilename newfilename [to change the file name] 16.man to view the mannual page of commands for syntax syntax [root@nettech root]#man commandname 17.info to view the information about any command syntax [root@nettech root]#mkdir info 18.--help to view the help doccuments of a command syntax [root@nettech root]#commandname --help 19.dir to view the subdirectories and filesn under the directory syntax [root@nettech root]#dir 20.su - to become a super user syntax [mango@nettech mango]$su - output wil be [root@nettech root#] 21.who by this command you can see the user name and their ip addresses who have loged in on your server syntax [root@nettech root]#who 22.whoami this command shows your current logged in terminal user name syntax [root@nettech root]#whoami 23.who am i this command shows you the logged in terminal number and user name and more detailed information Page 2
  • 3. Basic Commands syntax [root@nettech root]#who am i 24.pwd to view the present working directory syntax [root@nettech root]#pwd 25.rpm -ivh to intall a rpm package syntax [root@nettech root]#rpm -ivh packagename.rpm rpm stands for 'redhat package manager' -i stands for install -v stands for verbose mode -h stands for with hash sign(#) 26.rpm -q to querry about any rpm package syntax [root@nettech root]#rpm -q packagename 27.rpm -e to uninstall a rpm package synatx [root@nettech root]#rpm -e package 28.find / -name to find any file or directory in linux file system syntax [root@nettech root]#find / -name filename 29.su username to switch from one user to another users home directory syntax [root@nettech root]#su mango output will be [mango@nettech root]#cd [mango@nettech mango]# 30.su - username to switch from one user to another user users home directory directly syntax [root@nettech root]#su - mango 31.useradd to create a new user synatx [root@nettech root]#useradd username 32.passwd to give a password of a user syntax [root@nettech root]#passwd tarun output will be give a password for user tarun:(here you have to type a password for tarun user) confirm password:(again type the same password) 33.userdel to remove a user from linux syntax [root@nettech root]#userdel tarun Page 3
  • 4. Basic Commands 34.groupadd to add a new group syntax [root@nettech root]#groupadd groupname 35.gruopdel to delete a group syntax [root@nettech root]#groupdel groupname 36.chown to change the ownership of a file or directory syntax [root@nettech root]#chown ownername filename example: [root@nettech /]#ls -l output drwxrw-rw- 2 root root 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd (permission) (own) (group own)(size) (name) [root@nettech root]#chown tarun /abcd in this example /abcd directory owner will be change to tarun user effect [root@nettech /]#ls -l drwxrw-rw- 2 tarun root 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd 37.chgrp to change the group ownership of a file or directory syntax [root@nettec root]#chgrp newgroupownername filename example [root@nettech /]#ls -l drwxrw-rw- 2 tarun root 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd [root@nettech root]#chgrp tarun /abcd effect [root@nettech /]#ls -l drwxrw-rw- 2 tarun tarun 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd 38.chmod to change the permission of a file or directory drwxrw-rw- 2 root root 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd (permission) (ownr) (grpownr) (size) (name) IN OCTAL VALUE d stands for directiry READ=4 r stands for read only permission WRITE=2 w stands for write only permission EXECUTE=1 x stands for execute only permission drwxrw-rw- FIRST OCTET FOR DENOTING THE DIRECTORY OR FILE OR LINK FILE ETC. SECOND THREE OCTET FOR USER OR OWNER PERMISSION (rwx OR 7 IN OCTAL VALUE) THIRD THREE OCTET FOR GROUP PERMISSION (rw- OR 6 IN OCTAL VALUE) FORTH THREE OCTET FOR OTHERS PERMISSION (rw- OR 6 IN OCTAL VALUE) SYNTAX [root@nettec root]#chmod value fileordirectoryname example [root@nettech /]#ls -l drwxrw-rw- 2 tarun root 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd [root@nettech /]#chmod 402 /abcd [root@nettech /]#ls -l drw-----w- 2 tarun tarun 4096 Mar 11 12:03 abcd 40.usermod to modify the user profile Page 4
  • 5. Basic Commands synatx [root@nettech root]#usermod -parameter groupname username Page 5