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Basic concepts of chemistry

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Shivani Jadhav

The document discusses basic concepts of chemistry including atoms, molecules, mixtures, elements, compounds, laws of chemical combinations, Dalton's atomic theory, the mole concept, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulas, stoichiometry, mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, and molality. It is presented by Studyduniya, an educational social network, to provide an overview of fundamental topics in physical chemistry.

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STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y - P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Atoms are defined as the smallest unit of matter. The molecules in turn are made up of groups of atoms. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Homogeneous mixture: the components completely mix with each other & its composition is uniform throughout the mixture. Sugar solution, and air. Heterogeneous mixtures: the composition is not uniform throughout and sometimes the different components can be observed. MIXTURES
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Element: Consists of only one type of particles (may be atoms or molecules). Hydrogen, Nitrogen & Oxygen. Compound: When two or more atoms of different elements combine, the molecule of a compound is obtained. water, ammonia & carbon dioxide. PURE SUBSTANCES
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Law of Conservation of Mass LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS Matter can neither be created nor  be destroyed. Law of Definite Proportions A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by weight.
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Law of Multiple Proportions LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element, are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS When gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio by volume provided all gases are at same temperature and pressure.
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Avogadro Law LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure should contain equal number of molecules.
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY 1. Matter consists of indivisible atoms. 2. All the atoms of a given element have         identical properties including identical     mass. Atoms of different elements differ      in mass.
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY 3. Compounds are formed when atoms of     different elements combine in a fixed              ratio. 4. Chemical reactions involve reorganisation     of atoms. These are neither created nor     destroyed in a chemical reaction.
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 MOLE CONCEPT One mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many particles or entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 g (or 0.012 kg) of the   C isotope. 12
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 EMPIRICAL FORMULA FOR MOLECULAR FORMULA An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms present in a compound whereas the molecular formula shows the exact number of different types of atoms present in a molecule of a compound.
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 STOICHIOMETRY Stoichiometry is the relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction or forming a compound, typically a ratio of whole integers One mole of CH  (g) reacts with two moles of O  (g) to give one mole of CO  (g) and two moles of H  O(g) 4 2 2 2
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 MASS PERCENT
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 MOLE FRACTION If a substance ‘A’ dissolves in substance ‘B’ and their number of moles are n   and n   respectively A B
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 MOLARITY
STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 MOLALITY

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Basic concepts of chemistry

  • 1. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y - P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Atoms are defined as the smallest unit of matter. The molecules in turn are made up of groups of atoms. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
  • 2. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
  • 3. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Homogeneous mixture: the components completely mix with each other & its composition is uniform throughout the mixture. Sugar solution, and air. Heterogeneous mixtures: the composition is not uniform throughout and sometimes the different components can be observed. MIXTURES
  • 4. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Element: Consists of only one type of particles (may be atoms or molecules). Hydrogen, Nitrogen & Oxygen. Compound: When two or more atoms of different elements combine, the molecule of a compound is obtained. water, ammonia & carbon dioxide. PURE SUBSTANCES
  • 5. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Law of Conservation of Mass LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS Matter can neither be created nor  be destroyed. Law of Definite Proportions A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by weight.
  • 6. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Law of Multiple Proportions LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element, are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
  • 7. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS When gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio by volume provided all gases are at same temperature and pressure.
  • 8. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 Avogadro Law LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure should contain equal number of molecules.
  • 9. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY 1. Matter consists of indivisible atoms. 2. All the atoms of a given element have         identical properties including identical     mass. Atoms of different elements differ      in mass.
  • 10. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY 3. Compounds are formed when atoms of     different elements combine in a fixed              ratio. 4. Chemical reactions involve reorganisation     of atoms. These are neither created nor     destroyed in a chemical reaction.
  • 11. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 MOLE CONCEPT One mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many particles or entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 g (or 0.012 kg) of the   C isotope. 12
  • 12. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
  • 13. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 EMPIRICAL FORMULA FOR MOLECULAR FORMULA An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms present in a compound whereas the molecular formula shows the exact number of different types of atoms present in a molecule of a compound.
  • 14. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 STOICHIOMETRY Stoichiometry is the relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction or forming a compound, typically a ratio of whole integers One mole of CH  (g) reacts with two moles of O  (g) to give one mole of CO  (g) and two moles of H  O(g) 4 2 2 2
  • 15. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 MASS PERCENT
  • 16. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 MOLE FRACTION If a substance ‘A’ dissolves in substance ‘B’ and their number of moles are n   and n   respectively A B
  • 17. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 MOLARITY
  • 18. STUDYDUNIYA The Educational Social Network C H E M I S T R Y -   P H Y S I C A L - B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F C H E M I S T R Y IIT JEE @studyduniya +91 7744994714 MOLALITY