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Centre for Living Sustainability
Youth Led
Green Transitions
in Enterprises
(YLGTE)

INTRODUCTION – Waste Management

WASTES
Waste - is source in the wrong place at wrong time. Once it finds its
rightful place, it will be just as valuable as any other resource.
Type of waste
• Solid
• Liquid

SOLID WASTES
In Simple Words - Solid wastes are any discarded or abandoned materials.
Solid wastes can be solid, liquid, semi-solid or containerized
gaseous material.
Examples of solid wastes include the following materials when discarded:
Food industries - stalks, shells, peels and cores of fruits and vegetables; trimmings, bones,
hides, aquatic animals and spillages, whey
Agro Processing - crop waste (rice husk, wheat straws, sugarcane bagasse), animal waste
(animal excreta, dead animals), processing waste (packaging material, fertilizer cans) and
hazardous waste (pesticides, insecticides)

WASTE COMPOSITION GENERATED IN SRI LANKA

QUANTITIES OF WASTE
GENERATED IN
SRI LANKA - 2019
( Karunarathna et al)

WHAT IS WASTE MANAGEMENT ?
Waste management could be defined as the processes and
practices aimed at collecting, transporting and disposing of
garbage, sewage and other waste products. The goal of waste
management is to increase the product’s lifecycle and reuse and
recover materials where possible, in order to reduce the total
amount of waste that goes into landfill and minimize the
environmental burden.

WHY IT IS IMPORTANT ?
• Environmental protection and pollution reduction.
• Resource conservation
• Economic benefits
• Enabling a circular economy.

EFFECTS OF WASTES
• ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS:
Surface water contamination
Ground Water contamination
Soil contamination
Air contamination
• ECONOMIC EFFECTS:
Municipal wellbeing
Recycling revenue

EFFECTS OF WASTES
Minamata disease
• On May 1, 1956, a doctor in Japan reported an "epidemic of an unknown
disease of the central nervous system," marking the official discovery of
Minamata disease.

EFFECTS OF WASTES
• In the late 1950s Minamata Bay, Japan became contaminated with
mercury from a nearby factory manufacturing the chemical acetaldehyde
(Chisso Corporation's chemical waste pipe).
• The mercury was bio transformed by bacteria in the water into
methylmercury, or organic mercury, that bio-accumulated and
biomagnified in the muscle of fish.
• First, local cats that ate the fish began to stagger about and die.

EFFECTS OF WASTES

EFFECTS OF WASTES
Chromium contamination at Ranipet (Vellore District, Tamil Nadu)
• In 1995 at Ranipetin Tamil Nadu,a factory calledTamilNadu Chromates and
Chemicals Limited (TCCL) shut down its operations.
• TCCL, before it shut operations in 1995, used to manufacture sodium
dichromate, basic chromium sulphate and sodium sulphate.
• It dumped around 227,000 tonnes of chromium-bearing solid waste in an
area of two hectares in its compound.

EFFECTS OF WASTES
Ozone Depletion:
• The CFC (Chloro Fluoro Carbon) & HCFC (Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbon) emissions from
the industries are damaging the ozone layer.
Acid Rain:
• The SO2, CO2and nitrous oxides coming out of the industrial chimneys react with the
moisture in the atmosphere and forms mild acids (sulphuric acid, carbonic acid & nitric
acid respectively). With rainfall this falls on the ground and this is termed as acid rain

EFFECTS OF WASTES
Eutrophication :
• Industrial effluents containing nitrogen and phosphorus may lead to eutrophication
and algal boom which in turns decreases the BOD of a water body destroying the
organisms living in it.

EFFECTS OF WASTES
Adverse Effect on Crop Productivity:
• Degradation of land due to industrial pollution makes it unsuitable for cultivation, thus,
bringing down the agricultural production.
Example:
• In the vicinity of the thermal power plant at Barauni industrial complex (Begusarai
District, Bihar ) a thick layer of fly ash has been deposited on the ground making it
useless for cultivation. Earlier in the same area the land was so fertile that three crops
could be cultivated in a year.

EFFECTS OF WASTES
Human Health Problems:
• Tuberculosis, pneumonia, diarrhea, tetanus, whooping cough etc. are other common
diseases spread due to improper waste management.
Example: Blue baby syndrome
Methemoglobinemia. This condition stems from nitrate poisoning. It is can happen in
babies who are fed infant formula mixed with well water.

WASTE MANEGEMENT HIERARCHY

CHALLENGERS IN WASTE MANEGEMNT
• Lack of awareness about the benefits and approaches of waste reduction
at source, leading to little or no efforts to reduce waste generation in the
first place.
• Inefficient production practices and manufacturing equipment in the
factories.
• Limited data collection and record keeping.
• Limited awareness on refining and reusing practices between factories,
but they are practicing selling material to third parties by weight.

HAZARDOUS AND NON HAZARDOUS
• Non-hazardous waste is industrial waste that can't go into a waterway or
garbage container. The primary difference between hazardous and non-
hazardous waste is that the latter isn't considered dangerous.
• Packaging and paper: Generally speaking, these items are non-hazardous and may become part
of a recycling program. Lab chemicals: Pharmaceutical and other bioscience wastes are frequently
deemed unsafe and require special procedures for proper disposal, such as lab packing.

COLLECTION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Use waste containers with leak-proof, screw-on caps so
contents can't leak if a container tips over.
• If necessary, transfer waste material to a container that
can be securely closed.
• Keep waste containers closed except when adding waste.
• Wipe down containers prior to your scheduled collection
date.

COLLECTION OF NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE

The 4 R’s – Waste Management

By reducing inefficiencies in production processes, manufacturers can
save money and resources, and reduce the amount of waste they
produce.
Importance of waste reduction
• waste prevention benefits the environment
• makes good financial sense.
• benefits society.
R- REDUCE

• Implement Lean Manufacturing Techniques - Lean manufacturing
techniques are a set of principles and practices that aim to reduce waste in the manufacturing process.
This includes reducing the number of resources used and minimizing any steps that don’t add value.
• Optimize Production Processes - analyzing and streamlining production processes to
reduce energy and material consumption, improve productivity and minimize waste.
• Invest in Sustainable Technologies
• Effective Inventory Management
• Waste Reduction Audits
REDUCE WASTE IN MANUFACTURING

Reuse refers to using an object as it is without breaking it down.
Reuse is preferred over recycling because it consumes less energy.
• Reusable overalls and aprons – A laundering service for your coveralls and
aprons can extend the life of your PPE textiles
• Switch to pallets – Instruct suppliers to ship things on reusable pallets and backhaul
them for reuse
• Reuse wastewater – If you are a heavy water user, consider the possibility of doing
your own wastewater treatment
R- REUSE

Recycling means turning an item into raw materials which can be
used again, usually for a completely new product.
• Establish key partnerships – Seek partnerships with local recyclers, waste
management companies, and even colleges and universities that may be interested in
related school projects, or even a graduate student thesis.
• Use a waste exchange program – What you consider waste can be a resource
for another business. Exchange the generated waste through a waste exchange program with
such businesses
• Send your food waste to a local farm – Local farms can sometimes feed your
food waste to their livestock after treating/heating to food for safety.
R- RECYCLE

Resource recovery goes further than just the management of waste.
different treatment Technologies.
Examples -
• Fertilizers from organic wastes
• Energy from municipal wastes
• Purified Cu from copper scraps
• Dye extraction from tea waste
R- RECOVER

R- RECOVER

DISPOSAL OF WASTES
1. LAND FILL
• It is the most traditional method of waste disposal.
• Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.
• Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil
• Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate
power.
• It is generally used for domestic waste.

1. LAND FILL
LAND REQUIRED FOR DISPOSAL
OF MSW
EMMISION OF METHANE FROM
LANDFILL

DISPOSAL OF WASTES
2. INCINERATION
• Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid waste
at 1000 0C.
• waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat.
• The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due to
organic waste.
• The heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power.

DISPOSAL OF WASTES
3. PYROLYSIS
• Pyrolysis is defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air to produce
char, pyrolysis oil and syngas,
e.g. the conversion of wood to charcoal also it is defined as destructive distillation of
waste in the absence of oxygen. External source of heat is employed in this process.

MAKING BIOGAS
• Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of
organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
• Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as
• agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or
food waste.
• It is a renewable energy source and in many cases exerts a very small carbon footprint.

MAKING BIOGAS

LIQUID WASTES
• Liquid waste is essentially any liquid that gets discharged down drains or washed down
pipes. Liquid waste includes fats, oils, and grease (FOG), spent chemicals, liquids,
gases, solids, or sludge. On a commercial scale, wastewater comes in byproducts,
waste, or residuals of industrial projects.

LIQUID WASTES
• Effluent treatment plants (ETPs) can effectively treat liquid waste.
• Treated wastewater can serve multiple purposes:
o Utilization for irrigation purposes under CEA guidelines.
o Recycling for cooling towers and flushing after undergoing further
treatment.
• Liquid waste management can adhere to the principles of reduce, reuse, recycle, and
recover (4R's).

SLURRY TYPE WASTES
• Slurry-type waste can be managed by separating liquids and
solids.
• Various methods can be employed for dewatering slurry,
including:
• Screw press
• Filter press
• Belt presses
• For further moisture removal, dryers can be utilized for
drying if needed.

WASTE AUDITS
• A waste audit is a method for analyzing an organization’s waste stream. The goal is to
discover what types and quantities of waste, such as paper, plastic or food, your
industry produce within a given timeframe.

BENEFITS OF WASTE AUDITS
• Waste Audits Streamline Operations.
• Waste Audits Help Reduce Costs.
• Waste Audits Measure Baselines and Tell Success Stories.
• Waste Audits Drive Sustainable Solutions and Waste Compliance.

HOW TO CONDUCT A WASTE AUDITS
1. Assemble a Team & Set a Date - Find a volunteer from each department to form your waste auditing
team. Aim for at least five people.
2. Determine Your Waste Categories - Before “Waste Audit Week” rolls around, make a list of the most
common trash types your business produces. This list can be general for now — you can always add new categories
as needed.
Common Waste Audit Categories:
• Glass
• Paper
• Cardboard
• Food waste
• Plastic bottles
• General plastic
• Aluminum cans
• Display materials
• Materials packaging

3. Gather Your Tools - Before the main event, you’ll need to stock up on a few supplies to make sure your team
can work safely.
Supplies Needed for a Waste Audit:
• An open area for sorting the trash.
• Tongs for each volunteer (optional).
• Clipboards for recording your findings.
• A bathroom scale for weighing each category.
• Labelled boxes for sorting each waste category.
• Face masks and rubber gloves for each volunteer.
• Trash bags for re-bagging your waste after the audit.

4. Sort Your Trash - It’s time for the real work to begin.
• Gather all the trash and recycling from your building.
• Label each trash bag with the department it came from.
• Weigh all the trash to get a baseline for how much you throw out each week.
• Weigh all the recyclables to establish how much you recycle each week.
• Wearing gloves, sort all materials into the boxes for their categories. If you labeled your trash by
department, make sure each has separate boxes.
• As you work, note any recyclables mixed in with the trash.
• Once everything has been sorted, weight each category.

5. Analyze Your Results - Now that you’ve recorded all weights, you can use this data for a waste stream
analysis.
• Calculate and record your waste diversion rate using this process:
• Divide the weight of your recyclables by the combined weight of all your waste (trash +
recyclables).
• Multiply the result by 100.
• This gives you a weekly waste diversion percentage.
• Look at the weights you recorded for individual waste categories.
o Which categories are the highest?
o Did the highest categories differ between departments?
o Did you find any recyclables mixed in with the trash?
o Were there categories you didn’t realize you had?

AFTER OBTAINING WASTE AUDIT RESULTS
1. Determine whether your dumpster size and pickup frequency still match your needs. If
your trash output changed, a different size or number of pickups may be more cost-
effective.
2. Add recycling service to your plan. If you don't have recycling as part of your waste
removal plan, consider add it.
3. Set a goal for increasing your recycling rate.
4. Create recycling guidelines for meeting that goal and share them with your staff.
5. Set a goal for reducing the amount of waste in your largest categories.

AFTER OBTAINING WASTE AUDIT RESULTS
6. Determine the steps to meet that goal and let your staff know.
For example, you might switch to online bill pay to reduce paper or buy a different coffee
maker to avoid wasteful coffee pods.
7. Identify any items you can reuse.
For example, can you repair or recycle your electronics instead of purchasing new ones?
Can you repurpose any of your packaging materials?
8. Decide on a timeline for meeting your recycling and reduction goals. One or two years
usually makes sense. Plan to conduct another waste audit at that time to see if you met
your goals.

Supporting factories in quantifying the cost of material that is
getting wasted.
Taking actions for reduction of material/waste at the source.
Promoting use of alternative and sustainable packaging e.g.,
returnable containers.
Initiating the segregation of waste and collection. Ensure that
there are suitable and
separate storage facilities in place for different kinds of waste in
the production line. The
category of waste will depend on process - organic, inorganic,
hazardous etc.
17
3R Concepts Development In Industrial Zones
Initiating quantification of waste on a daily/weekly basis.
Initiating data collection of the materials and development of
performance indicators.
Helping factories develop internal benchmarks to keep a track
on their waste minimisation
efforts.
Guiding factories in setting up annual performance targets.
Identifying options to reuse a material considered as waste in
the factory by either putting
an item into use again or for another purpose. This is the case
when the object can be used
again or differently compared to what it is intended to do. It also

•Environmental protection and pollution reduction. One of the primary benefits of waste management lies in its ability to
minimize the environmental impact of human activities. Proper waste disposal and recycling reduce the amount of waste
that ends up in landfills or incinerators, thereby decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By diverting waste
from landfills, we conserve valuable space and reduce the risk of harmful substances leaking into the soil and
contaminating water sources, protecting both human health and ecosystems.
•Resource conservation. Waste management fosters resource conservation through recycling and reusing materials,
reducing the total amount of material reaching final disposal. Recycling allows us to reclaim valuable resources from
discarded items and, by doing so, we minimize the need for raw material extraction, thus conserving natural resources and
mitigating the environmental impacts associated with the extraction and processing of raw materials.
•Economic benefits. There are plenty of economic benefits deriving from waste management: not only this practice
reduces the overall cost of waste disposal, but also fosters the creation of job opportunities. Last but not least, investing in
waste management processes boosts companies’ reputation, attracting customers and investors.
•Enabling a circular economy. Waste management is a key enabler of the circular economy, a model aimed at reducing
waste and optimizing resource use. In a circular economy, products and materials are designed for longevity, reuse, and
recyclability. This transition from a linear "take-make-dispose" model to a circular one is fundamental in achieving a
sustainable and greener future, and it is evident how waste management plays a big part in it.

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