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Becoming Chinese in Indonesia: A Study of Ethnic and Nation Identities in Tangerang, Indonesia

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Muhammad Reza Zaini
Muhammad Reza Zaini

This is the Power Point slides of my research presented at International Sociological Association's 2014 World Congress of Sociology at Pacifico Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan. My research implies that Chinese identity -to some extent- is an achievable status.

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Becoming Chinese in Indonesia A Study of Ethnic and Nation Identities in Tangerang, Banten
Researchers: M. Iqbal Djajadi Muhammad Reza Zaini Department of Sociology, University of Indonesia Depok, Indonesia
About Becoming Chinese in Indonesia Source: American-Born Chinese Comic by Gene Luen Yang
Flow of Presentation Introduction Historical Background Problem Statement Analysis
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Chinese- Indonesians Taken-for-Granted Taken-for-Granted Chinese- Indonesian Identity Individual Chinese- Indonesian Identity Individual
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION ? Who are the Cina Benteng? ? Origin (1) Descendants of Chinese immigrants (Hokkian) from Fujian Province to Teluk Naga, Indonesia c.a. 15th C 17th century; (2) One of the most assimilated Chinese group in Indonesia (3) Result of inter-generational intermarriage between Chinese (generally) males and native (generally) females. ? Cultural Identity (1)Retain Chinese cultural practice combined with indigenous cultural practices, without knowing its meanings/values; (2) Still consider and be considered as a part of Chinese-Indonesian cultural identity. ? Contemporary Life (1)Live around the proximity of Tangerang, Indonesia. Cina Benteng became synonymous with Tangerang itself; (2)Poverty rate relatively significant.
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
? In Situgadung Village, there is a Cina Benteng community which had been settling for generations. ? At the beginning, they did not considered themselves as Cina Benteng, but Orang Keturunan, (descendants). Through a long process, they eventually identified themselves and even proud as a Cina Benteng, (Peranakan Chinese). What are the implications of the findings to the Ethnic Chinese Studies? How is the process underwent by the Orang Keturunan community of Situgadung Village? INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
? We employed qualitative method, emphasized to grounded concept (Neuman, 2006). ABSTRACT THEORY ISSUE INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION ? Please refer to the discussion for further details of methodology. Title: A Note on Methodology based on Neuman (2006)
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION ? Ethnic Identity (Trimble and Dickson, 2006): Traced its etymology to idem (Latin: same) and ethnikas (Greek: kin). A sense of belonging where each member of a certain group is considered to share the same origin and cultural traits. ? Social Collectivity (Koller,2012): An individual/collective effort to identify themselves, as a mean to distinguish their identity among other individuals/social collectivity within the society. Ethnic identity is one of the manifestations of social collectivity. At the beginning, they did not considered themselves as Cina Benteng, but Orang Keturunan, (descendants). Through a long process, they eventually identified themselves and even proud as a Cina Benteng, (Peranakan Chinese). ? Suparlan (2005): The usage of social collectivity is linked to the survival method of an individual/social group in the society.
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Banten Tangerang ? Banten Girang (9th /10th Century, Guillot, Nurhakim, & Wibisono:1996) ? Tang-Lan ? Tangerang was where the concentration of Chinese settlement , especially after the Dutch colonial rule (Chinese laborers) ? Several villages in present-day Tangerang also has Chinese naming origins. ? ĺR , ɽR , ĵR FINDINGSFINDINGS
FINDINGSFINDINGS Situgadung Village ? The name Situgadung originated from Sundanese, which are Situ and Gadung. Previously named Kampung Amoy, from a Chinese dialect. ? The Chinese were among the first settlers. ? Borders the Bumi Serpong Damai gated community.
FINDINGSFINDINGS
~ ? Their Chinese ancestors came ashore to approx. in the 16th century. Their descendants are the members of Orang Keturunan community in Sampora dan Situgadung village. ? Set ashore around the proximity of coastal Tangerang. ? After the Netherlands annexed Tangerang to its colonial empire in 1684, many local Chinese were employed as plantation laborers. ? Dutch Colonialism ? Japanese Occupation ? Struggle for Independence ? Old Order Era ? New Order Era Yap Ong Sim Tan Lie The Sampora Situgadung FINDINGSFINDINGS
Cina Benteng Cina Benteng Orang Keturunan Orang Selam Pribumi FINDINGSFINDINGS
1. Informant As family ( ), is a n Orang Keturunan family, who adhere the Tri Dharma Buddhism. 2. Informant A often heard from his family about Tionghoa (Formal term to refer Chinese- Indonesians). 3. From his High School teacher, he began to heard Cina which was referred by his teacher to him and his other Chinese classmates. 4. Informant A graduated from High School in 1981. At the same time, he felt that the cultural and religious identity of Orang Keturunan somehow considered unfit for his personality. (BSD-Pentecostal). FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TO CINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG
6. Informant A converted to Christianity in 1982. 7. As the interaction with the Chinese intensified, Informant A and other Orang Keturunans were identified as Cina. 8. In 1988, Informant A, as well as his relatives and neighbors, moved to Jakarta to search for works (Cina Udik). 9. To distinguish them from the diversified Chinese population in BSD, they eventually began to be identified as Cina Benteng. FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TO CINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG
FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TO CINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG Less-Chinese Adherence to non- Christian beliefs Engaged in agriculture Low socio-economic status Rural-dweller More-Chinese Adherence to Christianity Engaged in business High socio-economic status Urban-dweller The Shift of Identity Ignored Chinese-ness Mastery of Mandarin/Chinese dialects. Practice of Chinese traditional customs. To some extent. Physical traits.
FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TO CINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG Less-Indigenous Adherence to non-Islamic beliefs More-Indigenous Adherence to Islam The Shift of Identity Note: Less social traits needed
? List of socio-political factors which triggered the change of identification FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TO CINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG Socio-Political Factors Japanese Occupation Dutch Military Aggression Indonesian Anti-Chinese Policies Communist Coup of 1965 Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD) gated community Pentecostal Missionaries Migration of middle-class Chinese- Indonesians to BSD
FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TO CINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG What define Chinese-ness? What kind of cultural/identity transformation is this?
Conclusions
Historical Events Infrastructural Changes Demographic Changes Economic Changes Decision to Become Cina Benteng PHASE I Socialization PHASE II Affiliation PHASE III Significance CINA BENTENG Conclusions
Cina/Chinese Cina BentengOrg. Keturunan Conclusions
(1) In this case, Chinese identity its an achieved status; (2) Chinese identity is a constructed reality. Due to historical events, it is defined distinctively in Indonesia; (3) We can see that there are a constructed parameter of Chinese-ness. (4) Orang Keturunan are a community which is almost completely turned into natives, but their shift of identity somehow changed as a result of several social factors. Closing Statements
Becoming Chinese in Indonesia: A Study of Ethnic and Nation Identities in Tangerang, Indonesia
Becoming Chinese in Indonesia: A Study of Ethnic and Nation Identities in Tangerang, Indonesia
Becoming Chinese in Indonesia: A Study of Ethnic and Nation Identities in Tangerang, Indonesia
Thank You for Your Attention
In Memories of M. Iqbal Djajadi (1961 - 2014)
QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION

More Related Content

Becoming Chinese in Indonesia: A Study of Ethnic and Nation Identities in Tangerang, Indonesia

  • 1. Becoming Chinese in Indonesia A Study of Ethnic and Nation Identities in Tangerang, Banten
  • 2. Researchers: M. Iqbal Djajadi Muhammad Reza Zaini Department of Sociology, University of Indonesia Depok, Indonesia
  • 3. About Becoming Chinese in Indonesia Source: American-Born Chinese Comic by Gene Luen Yang
  • 4. Flow of Presentation Introduction Historical Background Problem Statement Analysis
  • 6. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION ? Who are the Cina Benteng? ? Origin (1) Descendants of Chinese immigrants (Hokkian) from Fujian Province to Teluk Naga, Indonesia c.a. 15th C 17th century; (2) One of the most assimilated Chinese group in Indonesia (3) Result of inter-generational intermarriage between Chinese (generally) males and native (generally) females. ? Cultural Identity (1)Retain Chinese cultural practice combined with indigenous cultural practices, without knowing its meanings/values; (2) Still consider and be considered as a part of Chinese-Indonesian cultural identity. ? Contemporary Life (1)Live around the proximity of Tangerang, Indonesia. Cina Benteng became synonymous with Tangerang itself; (2)Poverty rate relatively significant.
  • 8. ? In Situgadung Village, there is a Cina Benteng community which had been settling for generations. ? At the beginning, they did not considered themselves as Cina Benteng, but Orang Keturunan, (descendants). Through a long process, they eventually identified themselves and even proud as a Cina Benteng, (Peranakan Chinese). What are the implications of the findings to the Ethnic Chinese Studies? How is the process underwent by the Orang Keturunan community of Situgadung Village? INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
  • 9. ? We employed qualitative method, emphasized to grounded concept (Neuman, 2006). ABSTRACT THEORY ISSUE INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION ? Please refer to the discussion for further details of methodology. Title: A Note on Methodology based on Neuman (2006)
  • 10. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION ? Ethnic Identity (Trimble and Dickson, 2006): Traced its etymology to idem (Latin: same) and ethnikas (Greek: kin). A sense of belonging where each member of a certain group is considered to share the same origin and cultural traits. ? Social Collectivity (Koller,2012): An individual/collective effort to identify themselves, as a mean to distinguish their identity among other individuals/social collectivity within the society. Ethnic identity is one of the manifestations of social collectivity. At the beginning, they did not considered themselves as Cina Benteng, but Orang Keturunan, (descendants). Through a long process, they eventually identified themselves and even proud as a Cina Benteng, (Peranakan Chinese). ? Suparlan (2005): The usage of social collectivity is linked to the survival method of an individual/social group in the society.
  • 13. Banten Tangerang ? Banten Girang (9th /10th Century, Guillot, Nurhakim, & Wibisono:1996) ? Tang-Lan ? Tangerang was where the concentration of Chinese settlement , especially after the Dutch colonial rule (Chinese laborers) ? Several villages in present-day Tangerang also has Chinese naming origins. ? ĺR , ɽR , ĵR FINDINGSFINDINGS
  • 14. FINDINGSFINDINGS Situgadung Village ? The name Situgadung originated from Sundanese, which are Situ and Gadung. Previously named Kampung Amoy, from a Chinese dialect. ? The Chinese were among the first settlers. ? Borders the Bumi Serpong Damai gated community.
  • 16. ~ ? Their Chinese ancestors came ashore to approx. in the 16th century. Their descendants are the members of Orang Keturunan community in Sampora dan Situgadung village. ? Set ashore around the proximity of coastal Tangerang. ? After the Netherlands annexed Tangerang to its colonial empire in 1684, many local Chinese were employed as plantation laborers. ? Dutch Colonialism ? Japanese Occupation ? Struggle for Independence ? Old Order Era ? New Order Era Yap Ong Sim Tan Lie The Sampora Situgadung FINDINGSFINDINGS
  • 17. Cina Benteng Cina Benteng Orang Keturunan Orang Selam Pribumi FINDINGSFINDINGS
  • 18. 1. Informant As family ( ), is a n Orang Keturunan family, who adhere the Tri Dharma Buddhism. 2. Informant A often heard from his family about Tionghoa (Formal term to refer Chinese- Indonesians). 3. From his High School teacher, he began to heard Cina which was referred by his teacher to him and his other Chinese classmates. 4. Informant A graduated from High School in 1981. At the same time, he felt that the cultural and religious identity of Orang Keturunan somehow considered unfit for his personality. (BSD-Pentecostal). FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TO CINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG
  • 19. 6. Informant A converted to Christianity in 1982. 7. As the interaction with the Chinese intensified, Informant A and other Orang Keturunans were identified as Cina. 8. In 1988, Informant A, as well as his relatives and neighbors, moved to Jakarta to search for works (Cina Udik). 9. To distinguish them from the diversified Chinese population in BSD, they eventually began to be identified as Cina Benteng. FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TO CINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG
  • 20. FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TO CINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG Less-Chinese Adherence to non- Christian beliefs Engaged in agriculture Low socio-economic status Rural-dweller More-Chinese Adherence to Christianity Engaged in business High socio-economic status Urban-dweller The Shift of Identity Ignored Chinese-ness Mastery of Mandarin/Chinese dialects. Practice of Chinese traditional customs. To some extent. Physical traits.
  • 21. FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TO CINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG Less-Indigenous Adherence to non-Islamic beliefs More-Indigenous Adherence to Islam The Shift of Identity Note: Less social traits needed
  • 22. ? List of socio-political factors which triggered the change of identification FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TO CINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG Socio-Political Factors Japanese Occupation Dutch Military Aggression Indonesian Anti-Chinese Policies Communist Coup of 1965 Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD) gated community Pentecostal Missionaries Migration of middle-class Chinese- Indonesians to BSD
  • 23. FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TO CINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG What define Chinese-ness? What kind of cultural/identity transformation is this?
  • 25. Historical Events Infrastructural Changes Demographic Changes Economic Changes Decision to Become Cina Benteng PHASE I Socialization PHASE II Affiliation PHASE III Significance CINA BENTENG Conclusions
  • 27. (1) In this case, Chinese identity its an achieved status; (2) Chinese identity is a constructed reality. Due to historical events, it is defined distinctively in Indonesia; (3) We can see that there are a constructed parameter of Chinese-ness. (4) Orang Keturunan are a community which is almost completely turned into natives, but their shift of identity somehow changed as a result of several social factors. Closing Statements
  • 31. Thank You for Your Attention
  • 32. In Memories of M. Iqbal Djajadi (1961 - 2014)

Editor's Notes

  • #7: Before. We have to know, who Cina Bentengs actually are? Identical with Tangerang. Please note that Cina Bentengs refer to a wide population of assimilated Chinese around Tangerang.
  • #9: 1,2 persen. Kasih urutan. Tiap baris ada urutan keluarnya. Tujuan penelitian saya ingin menunjukkan perbedaantadinya bukan cina benteng menjadi cina benteng, melalui metodologi kualitatif, saya menemukan temuan-temuan sebagai berikut saya menemukan 1,2,3.
  • #10: I will distribute about the methodology and data collection method we employ. To save up some time, so we can focus on the discussion about the theoretical findings.
  • #16: These lots were acquired by BSD.
  • #17: I will explain why the same community in Sampora and Situgadung will be diverged into two different identities. How did they get to the current location?
  • #20: Kenapa, Pantekosta.
  • #21: We can see here, there are traits, and the changes . Please note that the mastery of Chinese languages or cultural is not cosidered as a to Chinese identity. So here, in Indonesia in general, Chinese-ness is defined as And other interesting thing that we should note is this phenomenon: There was a highly-assimilated ethnic Chinese in Indonesia, almost becoming native. But due to several circumstances, their way to become natives were detoured, and their identity were later Sinicized.
  • #22: Indicating that they are indeed closer to the indigenous identity. Note that only few traits.
  • #23: BSD, masukin punya babe.
  • #24: thanks to Indonesias distinctive socio-historical background. So, we can say that ethnic identification is a result of socio-historical background.
  • #25: Ini kalo gak ada proses ini kalo gak ada proses ini, harusnya lebih mudah jadi pribumi. SAMPAI DI SINI.
  • #26: Judul dan Tahapan harus dikasih animasi.
  • #27: Either to activate or deactivate a particular identity. Identity is a fluid entity. ITS A NEVER ENDING PROCESS, who knows that in the future they might identify themselves back to orang keturunan?