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This document discusses linked open data, which organizes data using URIs and RDF triples so that the data can be connected across sources. It provides examples of datasets that use linked open data principles like DBpedia, Wikidata, and Schema.org. The document outlines the semantic web stack for linked data, including RDF, RDF Schema, and OWL. It discusses benefits like preparing data for unknown future uses and enabling automation through linking related information.

Linked data in pharmaKerstin Forsberg

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This document discusses how linked data and semantic web technologies can help mitigate complexity in pharmaceutical research and development. It notes that making sense of all the associated data from areas like pathophysiology, targets, phenotypes, biomarkers, costs and quality of life has become too complex a task. Linked data principles and semantic web standards can improve the research utility of shared datasets by organizing data for associations, preparing it for undefined future uses, and enabling computers to automate tasks and work alongside researchers. A pragmatic and iterative process is recommended to apply linked data management including using linked data principles, semantic web standards, and open ontologies.

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Belecasel Vuu DefinitivaLuca

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Biology 12 - Powerpoint - Energy Transformation - Section 5-1JEmmons

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This document outlines chapters and sections from a biology textbook covering cell biology topics. It focuses on Chapter 5 Section 5.1 which discusses cellular metabolism and energy transformations. The key points are: 1) Cellular metabolism involves catabolic reactions that break down molecules and anabolic reactions that build them up. 2) Exergonic reactions release energy while endergonic reactions require energy input. ATP is used to power endergonic reactions in cells. 3) ATP is the energy currency of cells and is regenerated through reactions involving the breakdown of nutrients.

Biology 12 - Basic Chemistry - Section 2-1 and 2-2JEmmons

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This document provides an overview of unit A which covers cell biology. It includes chapters on the molecules of cells, cell structure and function, DNA structure and gene expression, metabolism, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis. The specific sections summarized are about basic chemistry concepts including atomic structure, isotopes, radioactivity, ionic and covalent bonding, molecular shapes, and hydrogen bonding. Key topics covered are the primary elements in organisms, atomic number and mass number, radioactive isotopes as tracers or in radiation therapy, ion formation through electron transfer, covalent bond formation through electron sharing, molecular 3D shapes, polar vs. nonpolar bonds, and hydrogen bonding in water and biological molecules.

Biology 12 - Alternative Pathways to Photosynthesis - Section 7-4 and 7-5JEmmons

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This document outlines chapters and sections from a biology textbook unit on cell biology and photosynthesis. It includes: - Chapters on cell molecules, structure/function, DNA/gene expression, metabolism/enzymes, and cellular respiration. - Sections within Chapter 7 on photosynthesis that describe the light-absorbing pigments used, alternative pathways like C3/C4/CAM photosynthesis, and a comparison of photosynthesis to cellular respiration. - Diagrams and questions to check understanding of topics like plant cell structure and the pathways.

Biology 12 - Chemistry of Carbohydrates - Section 2-5 and 2-6JEmmons

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This document outlines the content covered in Unit A of a cell biology course, including chapters on the molecules of cells, cell structure and function, DNA structure and gene expression, and metabolism. Specifically, it provides details on sections 2.5 and 2.6 of chapter 2, which discuss carbohydrates and lipids. Carbohydrates include simple sugars, disaccharides, and complex polysaccharides used for energy storage. Lipids are a diverse group that includes fats, oils, phospholipids that make up cell membranes, and steroids like cholesterol. The key functions and structures of these various biomolecules are described.

Biology 12 - Chemistry of Proteins - Section 2-7 and 2-8JEmmons

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This document provides an overview of chapters and sections from a cell biology textbook. It focuses on the following key topics: - Chapter 2 sections 2.7 and 2.8 discuss the molecules of cells, including protein structure and function, levels of protein organization, nucleic acid structure, DNA and RNA, ATP structure and function, and the ATP cycle. - Chapter 3 covers cell structure and function, Chapter 4 addresses DNA structure and gene expression, and Chapters 5-7 cover metabolism, energy/enzymes, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis. - The chapters aim to teach students about basic chemistry in biology, how biological molecules are involved in energy use, and what life processes might be affected by problems

Biology 12 - Glycolysis and Fermentation - Section 6-2 and 6-3JEmmons

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This document outlines chapters and sections from a textbook on cell biology and cellular respiration. It describes glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate that occurs in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis has an energy-investment phase that uses ATP and an energy-harvesting phase that produces ATP. It also describes fermentation, which takes over under anaerobic conditions, converting pyruvate into lactate or ethanol. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue but yields much less ATP than aerobic respiration.

Biology 12 - Solar Energy Converters - Section 7-2JEmmons

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This document summarizes a chapter on photosynthesis from a biology textbook. It discusses how pigments like chlorophylls and carotenoids absorb different wavelengths of light during photosynthesis. Chlorophylls absorb violet, indigo, blue and red light most efficiently, while leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects green light. The chapter then describes the two light reactions of photosynthesis - the noncyclic and cyclic electron pathways - and how they produce ATP and NADPH. It also explains how the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane stores energy for the ATP synthase complex to generate ATP through chemiosmosis.

Biology 12 - DNA Mutations and ExpressionJEmmons

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This document summarizes sections 4.4 and 4.5 of a chapter on DNA structure and gene expression. Section 4.4 discusses how gene mutations, including point mutations and frameshift mutations, can occur from errors in DNA replication or exposure to mutagens. These mutations can cause cancer if they accumulate over time and disrupt cell regulation and programmed cell death. Section 4.5 describes techniques for gene cloning, including using restriction enzymes to insert genes into vectors, bacterial replication of recombinant DNA, and the polymerase chain reaction to amplify specific DNA sequences.

Biology 12 - Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways - Section 5-2JEmmons

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This document outlines a unit and chapter on metabolism, energy, and enzymes. It discusses how enzymes catalyze reactions in metabolic pathways and allows cells to regulate pathways. Enzymes lower activation energy and form complexes with substrates. An enzyme's shape is important for its activity, and factors like temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors can impact the rate of reactions. The chapter explores how enzymes are named, activated, regulated through feedback inhibition, and require cofactors to function.

Biology 12 - Plasma Membrane Permeability - Section 3-5JEmmons

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This document summarizes key concepts about cell structure and function from a biology textbook. It discusses the plasma membrane and how it is selectively permeable, allowing passage of some molecules via diffusion or transport proteins. Transport can occur through passive diffusion down a concentration gradient or active transport against a gradient using carrier proteins like the sodium-potassium pump. The document also describes osmosis and transport of molecules into and out of cells through endocytosis and exocytosis.

Biology 12 - Photosynthesis - Section 7-1JEmmons

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This document summarizes a chapter on photosynthesis from a cell biology textbook. It describes how photosynthetic organisms like plants, algae and cyanobacteria are able to produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis using energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages - the light-dependent reactions where oxygen is released and energy carriers are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrates. Chloroplasts in plant leaves contain chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb sunlight to drive these photosynthetic reactions.

Biology 12 - Cellular Respiration - Section 6-1JEmmons

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This document summarizes a chapter on cellular respiration. It describes the four phases of cellular respiration: (1) glycolysis breaks down glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP; (2) pyruvate is further oxidized to acetyl CoA, releasing carbon dioxide; (3) the citric acid cycle completely breaks down acetyl CoA, producing ATP and carbon dioxide; (4) the electron transport chain uses oxygen to release energy from electrons and produce most of the ATP through chemiosmosis. NAD+ and FAD act as electron carriers to shuttle electrons between reactions. Cellular respiration aerobically breaks down glucose and other nutrients to carbon dioxide and water, harvesting energy to produce large amounts of

Pushing back, standards and standard organizations in a Semantic Web enabled ...Kerstin Forsberg

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1. Kerstin Forsberg encourages standard organizations to represent their standards using semantic web standards for sustainability and trustability. 2. She provides examples of engaging with organizations like NCI and MedDRA to represent their terminologies in RDF using SKOS. 3. A project represented clinical trial data exchange standards like CDISC in RDF and linked the different standards fragments to each other.