Bench terracing
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Bench terracing involves constructing level or sloped platforms across a hillside to reduce soil erosion and facilitate agriculture. It has been used for thousands of years around the world. Bench terracing is well-suited to steep slopes under 30% with stable soil. It can improve crop yields by slowing runoff, increasing infiltration, and allowing different crops on benches. However, bench terracing requires significant labor to construct and maintain properly to prevent failures. Examples of historic and current bench terracing can be seen around the world, from the Philippines to France, the Middle East, and Asia.
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Bench terracing
- 2. Benching (Bench Terracing) Presented to: Dr. Abdul Rehman Presented by: Ali Adnan BAGF14E260 7th Agronomy College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha
- 3. Definition Bench terraces are a series of level or virtually level strips running across the slope at vertical intervals, supported by steep banks or risers. • It is an engineering soil conservation practice • It is also called bench terracing.
- 5. History • Concept of bench terracing is old as agriculture itself. • Philippines started bench terracing 2500 years ago. US soil conservation services collected evidences: • In Israel, citrus orchard in southern France, ShanSi province(China) and Lebanon hill side.
- 6. Objectives • To reduce run-off or its velocity and to minimize soil erosion. • To conserve soil moisture and fertility and to facilitate cropping operations. • To promote intensive land use and permanent agriculture on slopes and reduce shifting cultivation
- 7. Applicability This practice can: • Be manage on soil having slopes up to 30 %. • Be done where there is deep heavy clay soil rather than in very sandy soil. • Typically not applicable for slopes of decomposed granitic material, or any significantly sandy soil, because of excessive sloughing of material and construction difficulties.
- 8. Locations and conditions for use Bench terraces are particularly suited to countries or communities with the following macro conditions: • Severe erosion hazards • Areas with small holdings and a dense population. • Areas where there are food shortages or high unemployment rates. • Areas where crops require flood irrigation
- 9. Cont.. For micro or site conditions, bench terracing is suitable in the following cases: • Where there are relatively deep soils. • On slopes not exceeding 25 degrees. • On sites which are not dissected by gullies and not too stony.
- 10. Cut and Fill method
- 11. Types of Bench Terracing 1. Level or Table top bench terrace 2. Sloping inwards bench terrace 3. Sloping outwards bench terrace 4. Conservation type bench terrace
- 12. Level or Table top bench terrace Table top bench terrace are suitable for: • Areas receiving medium rainfall • Areas having highly permeable and deep soils
- 14. Sloping inwards bench terrace Sloping inwards bench terrace are suitable for: • Areas receiving heavy rainfall. Sloping inwards bench terrace Sloping inwards bench terrace are suitable for • It is useful for crops susceptible to water lodging. • Runoff towards hillside.
- 16. Sloping outwards bench terrace: Sloping outwards bench terrace are suitable for: • Areas receiving low rainfall & permeable soil of medium depth. at lower ends graded channels are provided for safe disposal of runoff
- 18. Conservation type bench terrace In this type of terrace: • Modified form of level terrace • Use moisture of uncropped area • Barrier is established across the land at suitable interval and the terrace is developed by pushing soil downhill and subsequent natural leveling.
- 20. Advantages • Reduces the soil erosion. • Aesthetical value • Intensive land use. • Economically beneficial. • Availability of food for local area. • Flood chances can be reduce. • Improves the condition of the slope for plant establishment. • Reduces runoff velocities and increases infiltration.
- 21. Disadvantages • Highly labor demand and time consuming. • Increased cost relative to alternative slope stabilization techniques. • Can be complicated to design and install, and may fail if not properly designed and installed
- 22. Some examples over the world
- 23. Terraces in northern Luzon Philippines 2000-B.C
- 24. Citrus Orchard in southern France
- 26. Level bench terracing in Japan
- 27. Tea on bench terraces, Bhutan
- 28. Outward bench terrace in Korea
- 29. Terraces on eroded soils of Israel
- 30. Terraced Fields in Sa Pa, Vietnam
- 31. Rice Terrace Panorama in Bali
- 33. Grassy Terraces in Chitral, Pakistan
- 35. Thank You