Berger ls 7e ch 1
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The document discusses key concepts in developmental science including: 1. Developmental science seeks to understand how and why people change over time using scientific theories, data analysis, and methodology. 2. Development is multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and plastic. It is influenced by biological, environmental, social and cultural factors. 3. Developmental scientists use various methods like observation, experiments, surveys and case studies to test hypotheses and establish correlations without making claims of causation. They must also consider ethics and protect research participants.
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Berger ls 7e ch 1
- 1. Part I Introduction Chapter One Defining Development Five Characteristics of Development Developmental Study as a Science Cautions from Science
- 2. Defining Development The science of human development seeks to understand how and why peopleall kinds of people, everywherechange or remain the same over time. There are 3 crucial elements.
- 3. 1. Science developmental study is a science . theories data analysis critical thinking sound methodology
- 4. 2. Diversity studying all kinds of people young and old rich and poor every ethnicity, background sexual orientation
- 5. 3. Connections Between Change and Time Changing or remaining the same over time transformations consistencies of human life beginning to end understanding each segment of life
- 6. Dynamic Systems Theory stresses the fluctuations and transitions the dynamic synthesis of multiple levels of analysis the interaction between people and within each person parent and child prenatal and postnatal life between ages 2 and 102
- 7. Bioecological Systems Urie Bronfenbrenner he believed that developmentalists need to examine all systems surrounding the development of each person microsysems exosystems macrosystems
- 8. The Ecological Model microsysems a persons immediate surroundings exosystems local institutions, such as schools and churches macrosystems larger social setting, including cultural values, economic polices, and political processes
- 9. Five Characteristics of Development
- 10. 1. Multidirectional changes in direction; development is dynamic, not static each fraction of a second years are analyzed, revealing unexpected twist and turns
- 11. Gains and Losses
- 12. The Butterfly Effect the power of a small change all change may have a large effect every change affects a dynamic system a tiny event could have an enormous impact, not that is always does opposite can occur large changes can affect people in contradictory ways (i.e., lottery jackpots)
- 13. 2. Multicontextual humans develop in dozens of contexts that profoundly affect their development physical surroundings family patterns Social context historical socioeconomic
- 14. The Historical Context cohort people born within a few years of one another these people are affected by the same values events technologies culture
- 15. The Socioeconomic Context socioeconomic status (SES) social class more than money occupation education place of residence includes advantages and disadvantages Question: does low SES cause damage in infancy or in late adulthood?
- 16. 3. Multicultural culture affects each human at every moment culture is so pervasive, people rarely notice their culture while they are immersed in it
- 17. Deciding What to Do Each Moment culture the patterns of behavior that are passed from one generation to the next groups have their own culture values customs clothes dwellings cuisine assumptions people are influenced by more than one culture
- 18. 4. Multidisciplinary a broad array of disciplines and cross-cutting topics each person develops simultaneously in body, mind, and spirit Development is divided into three domains; biosocial cognitive psychosocial
- 20. Biosocial Domain
- 21. Cognitive Domain
- 23. 5. Plasticity denotes two complementary aspects of development human traits can be molded yet maintaining durability of identity culture and upbringing affect both aspects of plasticity Genes and other biological influences provides hope and realism hope = changes is possible realism = each developing person must build on what has come before
- 24. Developmental Study as a Science based on objective evidence laden with subjective perceptions making developmental science challenging
- 25. Steps of the Science Method to avoid distortions of unexamined opinions and to control the biases of personal experience ask a question developing a hypothesis test the hypothesis draw conclusions Make the finding available Replication
- 26. Ways to Test Hypotheses Four methods: Observation The Experiment The Survey The Case Study
- 27. Observation record behavior systematically and objectively occur in a naturalistic setting tries to be unobtrusive can occur in a laboratory or in searches of archival data
- 28. The Experiment used to establish cause a particular treatment to expose to a specific condition notes whether their behavior changes independent variable = imposed treatment or special condition dependent variable = specific behavior being studied experimental group : is given a particular treatment control group: does not get the treatment
- 29. The Experiment
- 30. The Survey Information is collected from a large number of people by: interview questionnaire some other means wording and the questions can influence answers
- 31. The Case Study intensive study of one individual or situation asking about past history current thinking future plans can provide unanticipated insight
- 32. Studying Change over Time
- 33. Studying Change over Time Cross-Sectional Research designed to compare groups of people who differ in age but share other important characteristics (i.e., education, SES, ethnicity)
- 34. Studying Change over Time Longitudinal Research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed
- 35. Studying Change over Time Cross-Sequential Research designed to first study several groups of different ages and then follow those groups over the years
- 36. Caution from Science developmental scientists also discover changes that are not beneficial divorce, shift work, popular television and video games.
- 37. Caution from Science Correlation and Causation can be confusing a correlation indicates the degree of relationship between two variables. a correlation is positive if both variables tend to increase or decrease together a correlation is negative if one variables tends to increase when the other decreases a correlation is zero if no connection is evident
- 38. Caution from Science Ethics in Research Caution for all scientists is to ensure that research meets ethical standards code of ethics A set of moral principles that members of a profession or group are expected to follow
- 39. Caution from Science Protection of Research Participants Researcher must ensure that participation is voluntary, confidential, and harmless
- 40. Caution from Science What should we Study? Consider the most important ethical concern: Are scientists studying issues that are crucial to human development?