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Bibliotherapy as a strategy for facilitating behavior change proposal defence

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This document outlines a proposed study on using bibliotherapy to facilitate behavior change in ex-prisoners in Kenya. The study aims to examine current rehabilitation approaches, develop a bibliotherapy model, and understand ex-prisoner perceptions. It will involve interviews with 15 ex-prisoners, 10 prison officers, and 5 religious leaders. The results could help reform policies and better reintegrate ex-prisoners through a therapeutic reading program. Any research must consider ethics and protect participants' well-being.

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BY PATRICK ALFRED WALUCHIO ONGWEN MPHIL/031/09 SUPERVISED BY Dr. Damaris Odero and Dr. Emily Kogos
INTRODUCTION Bibliotherapy is the use of books to help individuals solve both physical, emotional and spiritual problems (Riordan, 1989) Behavior change refers to any transformation or modification in human behavior (Haldeman & Idstein: 1979). Ex-prisoners are prisoners who served their terms of prison and released to join the community.
Background of the study Kenyas prison services have historically been modeled on punitive justice rather than on restorative justice Many released prisoners face rejection in communities. Technical training like agriculture, carpentry Bibliotherapy consists of sharing books or stories with the intent of helping an individual or group gain insight into personal problems (Cohn, 1995; Corr, 2003-2004; Doll and Doll, 1997; Pardeck and Pardeck 1997).
Statement of the problem Many ex-prisoner face rejection when released from the prison. I am James Mwindi Ngoru. I have no trace of family members. I am not sure whether my brother, sister or father are alive or not (Times news, 2008) RODI-Kenya a rehabilitative organization using different strategies American ex-prisoners of war were rehabilitated by use of books, drama, music and poetry (Cohn, 1995; Corr, 2003-2004; Doll and Doll, 1997).
Cont. The research will therefore examine how bibliotherapy as a strategy to facilitate behavior change in ex-prisoners and reintegrate them back to their communities. The study will focus on ex-prisoner who must have been in prison for more than five year and have been out of prison for year and above.
Aim of the study Aim and objectives Is to examine how bibliotherapy can be used in correction and rehabilitation process for the ex-inmates and develop a model of using bibliotherapy as a strategy for facilitating behavior change in ex-prisoners. Objectives of the study are : To identify the strategies used by prisons staff to address behavior change and find out their effectiveness in correcting, rehabilitating and reintegrating ex-prisoners in the Kenyan society.
Objectives continued To find out the ways in which the Kenya prisons reform initiatives address behavior change in ex- prisoners To probe into the ex-prisoners perception of the strategies used for their correction and rehabilitation activities. To examine the challenges facing ex-prisoners in changing their behaviors and reintegrating with the Kenyan community using the current strategies To identify the extent and the form of bibliotherapy approach used To develop a model of using bibliotherapy for correcting, rehabilitating and reintegrating prisoners in the Kenyan society
Research Questions What are the current approaches used for correction and rehabilitation of ex-prisoners in Kenya How effective are they in addressing behavior change among prisoners How are the prison reforms initiative directed to correction and rehabilitation of ex-prisoners? What do the ex-prisoners feel about correction and rehabilitation strategies used Are the various prisons stakeholder (Ministry, prisons administration and prisons religious leader) adequately aware of the role bibliotherapy could play in correcting and rehabilitating the interned
Research questions cont. What challenges are facing the Kenyan government in changing the behaviors and reintegrating ex-prisoners back to the community? How will bibliotherapy be used to solve the above challenges?
Scope of the study The main focus of the study will be to find out how bibliotherapy can be used to facilitate behavior change in Kenya ex-prisoners but limited to prisoners who had spend more than five years in prison and they have been out of the prison for the last one year. The study will therefore concentrate entirely on the ex-prisoners, prison officers and accredited prison religious leaders
Limitation of the study Fear of the ex-prisoners to be identified as prisoners and therefore not ready to be interviewed. Possible presence of illiterate ex-prisoner who may be unable to respond to the interview question in English.
Theoretical frame work Opportunity theory- Warner (1999), suggest that most crimes are committed by poor, uneducated members of the society who lack viable and legitimate means to attain economic opportunities. Socio-psychological development theory: The theory suggests that new behavioral patterns can be elicited from an individual through exposure to certain modes of treatment such as correctional- reading programming (Bandura, 1977; Orpinas et al., 1996).
Moral development theory The theory suggests that individual change is based on correctional rehabilitative programmes. Prison based programmes that offer books of liberal arts such as psychology, sociology, history or literature offer rehabilitative effects in that they strengthen peoples conscience as they confront the moral dilemmas addressed in the study of liberal arts (Arbuthnot & Gordon, 1986; Duguid, 1981; Lockwood, 1991).
Moral development theory The groundbreaking ideas of this approach were formulated by George Herbert Mead, as discussed in Mind, Self, and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist (Morris, 1962) This theory provide a model of how interaction processes are the basis for moral development in humans
Literature review The review will be thematic following the themes listed below. Overview of current prison system in Kenya. Reintegration of ex-prisoner back to the society Origin and development of bibliotherapy Research based findings: is bibliotherapy an effective treatment Nature and value of bibliotherapy Different types of bibliotherapy Who qualifies to use bibliotherapy Bibliotherapy in society setting
literature review conti The process of bibliotherapy Selecting materials for bibliotherapy The basics of delivering bibliotherapy Little has been done on ex-prisoner and reintegration to the community More has been done on prisoners in prisons (being done in Kamiti prison currently)
Research design The research will be qualitative in nature The study seeks to understand the topic from the perspective of the ex-inmates. The design will also to identify intangible factor such as social norms, socioeconomic status, gender roles and ethnicity of ex-prisoners It provides information about the human side of an issue that is, the often contradictory behaviors, beliefs, opinions, emotions, and relationships of ex prisoners and the society (Mays, 2000)
Study population Population Numbers of the Percentage of the total respondents respondents Ex-prisoner 15 50 Prison wardens 10 33 Religious leaders 5 17 Total 30 100
Sampling strategy A snowballing sampling strategy will be used in order to select the target group from the population. The researchers target group will be the ex-prisoners , prison staff and accredited prison religious leaders.
Data collection methods and instruments The research instruments to be used for this study will be interview guide. The method for data collection will be indepth interview
Data presentation and analysis techniques The researcher will endeavored to ensure clarity, relevance and authenticity by checking other available documents in order to ensure completeness and accuracy of the collected data. The data will be analyzed qualitatively according to the themes and categories of the responses.
Expected outcome of study Theoretical significance: The study will further the knowledge on how bibliotherapy can be used for behavior change especially with reference to ex- prisoners. Practical significance: The study will develop a model of using bibliotherapy as a strategy for facilitating behavior change in ex-prisoners in Kenya. Policy related significance: the study will provide prisons officers, community leaders and accredited religious leaders with information in formulating the policy of incorporating bibliotherapy as a strategy for facilitating behavior change in ex-prisoners.
Expected outcome cont. Public Sensitization: the study will also sensitize the public on the use of bibliotherapy as a strategy for behavior change in ex-prisoner Personal significance: the study will expose the researcher to more research methodology and knowledge on bibliotherapy as an area of study
Ethical consideration The research with ex-prisoners should be conducted only if it offers a distinctly favorable benefit-to-risk ratio, not because ex-prisoners are a convenient source of subjects. The goal is to ensure rigorous, responsible research that improves the well-being of ex-prisoners while taking great care to protect their health, wellbeing, and human rights.

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Bibliotherapy as a strategy for facilitating behavior change proposal defence

  • 1. BY PATRICK ALFRED WALUCHIO ONGWEN MPHIL/031/09 SUPERVISED BY Dr. Damaris Odero and Dr. Emily Kogos
  • 2. INTRODUCTION Bibliotherapy is the use of books to help individuals solve both physical, emotional and spiritual problems (Riordan, 1989) Behavior change refers to any transformation or modification in human behavior (Haldeman & Idstein: 1979). Ex-prisoners are prisoners who served their terms of prison and released to join the community.
  • 3. Background of the study Kenyas prison services have historically been modeled on punitive justice rather than on restorative justice Many released prisoners face rejection in communities. Technical training like agriculture, carpentry Bibliotherapy consists of sharing books or stories with the intent of helping an individual or group gain insight into personal problems (Cohn, 1995; Corr, 2003-2004; Doll and Doll, 1997; Pardeck and Pardeck 1997).
  • 4. Statement of the problem Many ex-prisoner face rejection when released from the prison. I am James Mwindi Ngoru. I have no trace of family members. I am not sure whether my brother, sister or father are alive or not (Times news, 2008) RODI-Kenya a rehabilitative organization using different strategies American ex-prisoners of war were rehabilitated by use of books, drama, music and poetry (Cohn, 1995; Corr, 2003-2004; Doll and Doll, 1997).
  • 5. Cont. The research will therefore examine how bibliotherapy as a strategy to facilitate behavior change in ex-prisoners and reintegrate them back to their communities. The study will focus on ex-prisoner who must have been in prison for more than five year and have been out of prison for year and above.
  • 6. Aim of the study Aim and objectives Is to examine how bibliotherapy can be used in correction and rehabilitation process for the ex-inmates and develop a model of using bibliotherapy as a strategy for facilitating behavior change in ex-prisoners. Objectives of the study are : To identify the strategies used by prisons staff to address behavior change and find out their effectiveness in correcting, rehabilitating and reintegrating ex-prisoners in the Kenyan society.
  • 7. Objectives continued To find out the ways in which the Kenya prisons reform initiatives address behavior change in ex- prisoners To probe into the ex-prisoners perception of the strategies used for their correction and rehabilitation activities. To examine the challenges facing ex-prisoners in changing their behaviors and reintegrating with the Kenyan community using the current strategies To identify the extent and the form of bibliotherapy approach used To develop a model of using bibliotherapy for correcting, rehabilitating and reintegrating prisoners in the Kenyan society
  • 8. Research Questions What are the current approaches used for correction and rehabilitation of ex-prisoners in Kenya How effective are they in addressing behavior change among prisoners How are the prison reforms initiative directed to correction and rehabilitation of ex-prisoners? What do the ex-prisoners feel about correction and rehabilitation strategies used Are the various prisons stakeholder (Ministry, prisons administration and prisons religious leader) adequately aware of the role bibliotherapy could play in correcting and rehabilitating the interned
  • 9. Research questions cont. What challenges are facing the Kenyan government in changing the behaviors and reintegrating ex-prisoners back to the community? How will bibliotherapy be used to solve the above challenges?
  • 10. Scope of the study The main focus of the study will be to find out how bibliotherapy can be used to facilitate behavior change in Kenya ex-prisoners but limited to prisoners who had spend more than five years in prison and they have been out of the prison for the last one year. The study will therefore concentrate entirely on the ex-prisoners, prison officers and accredited prison religious leaders
  • 11. Limitation of the study Fear of the ex-prisoners to be identified as prisoners and therefore not ready to be interviewed. Possible presence of illiterate ex-prisoner who may be unable to respond to the interview question in English.
  • 12. Theoretical frame work Opportunity theory- Warner (1999), suggest that most crimes are committed by poor, uneducated members of the society who lack viable and legitimate means to attain economic opportunities. Socio-psychological development theory: The theory suggests that new behavioral patterns can be elicited from an individual through exposure to certain modes of treatment such as correctional- reading programming (Bandura, 1977; Orpinas et al., 1996).
  • 13. Moral development theory The theory suggests that individual change is based on correctional rehabilitative programmes. Prison based programmes that offer books of liberal arts such as psychology, sociology, history or literature offer rehabilitative effects in that they strengthen peoples conscience as they confront the moral dilemmas addressed in the study of liberal arts (Arbuthnot & Gordon, 1986; Duguid, 1981; Lockwood, 1991).
  • 14. Moral development theory The groundbreaking ideas of this approach were formulated by George Herbert Mead, as discussed in Mind, Self, and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist (Morris, 1962) This theory provide a model of how interaction processes are the basis for moral development in humans
  • 15. Literature review The review will be thematic following the themes listed below. Overview of current prison system in Kenya. Reintegration of ex-prisoner back to the society Origin and development of bibliotherapy Research based findings: is bibliotherapy an effective treatment Nature and value of bibliotherapy Different types of bibliotherapy Who qualifies to use bibliotherapy Bibliotherapy in society setting
  • 16. literature review conti The process of bibliotherapy Selecting materials for bibliotherapy The basics of delivering bibliotherapy Little has been done on ex-prisoner and reintegration to the community More has been done on prisoners in prisons (being done in Kamiti prison currently)
  • 17. Research design The research will be qualitative in nature The study seeks to understand the topic from the perspective of the ex-inmates. The design will also to identify intangible factor such as social norms, socioeconomic status, gender roles and ethnicity of ex-prisoners It provides information about the human side of an issue that is, the often contradictory behaviors, beliefs, opinions, emotions, and relationships of ex prisoners and the society (Mays, 2000)
  • 18. Study population Population Numbers of the Percentage of the total respondents respondents Ex-prisoner 15 50 Prison wardens 10 33 Religious leaders 5 17 Total 30 100
  • 19. Sampling strategy A snowballing sampling strategy will be used in order to select the target group from the population. The researchers target group will be the ex-prisoners , prison staff and accredited prison religious leaders.
  • 20. Data collection methods and instruments The research instruments to be used for this study will be interview guide. The method for data collection will be indepth interview
  • 21. Data presentation and analysis techniques The researcher will endeavored to ensure clarity, relevance and authenticity by checking other available documents in order to ensure completeness and accuracy of the collected data. The data will be analyzed qualitatively according to the themes and categories of the responses.
  • 22. Expected outcome of study Theoretical significance: The study will further the knowledge on how bibliotherapy can be used for behavior change especially with reference to ex- prisoners. Practical significance: The study will develop a model of using bibliotherapy as a strategy for facilitating behavior change in ex-prisoners in Kenya. Policy related significance: the study will provide prisons officers, community leaders and accredited religious leaders with information in formulating the policy of incorporating bibliotherapy as a strategy for facilitating behavior change in ex-prisoners.
  • 23. Expected outcome cont. Public Sensitization: the study will also sensitize the public on the use of bibliotherapy as a strategy for behavior change in ex-prisoner Personal significance: the study will expose the researcher to more research methodology and knowledge on bibliotherapy as an area of study
  • 24. Ethical consideration The research with ex-prisoners should be conducted only if it offers a distinctly favorable benefit-to-risk ratio, not because ex-prisoners are a convenient source of subjects. The goal is to ensure rigorous, responsible research that improves the well-being of ex-prisoners while taking great care to protect their health, wellbeing, and human rights.