Lecture 1 biomaterialsTomsk Polytechnic UniversityThis document provides an introduction to biomedical materials. It defines biomaterials and distinguishes them from biological materials. Biomaterials must be biocompatible, have adequate mechanical performance for their application, be designed appropriately for their application area, and be reproducibly fabricated. The document then classifies common biomaterials such as metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. It provides examples of biomedical applications for each material type, including implants, scaffolds, stents, and more. Students are assigned to write a short presentation about a selected biomedical device, its application, materials used, and how material properties relate to the application.
carbon fiber vivek valaThe document discusses carbon fiber, detailing its properties, history, and commercial applications across various industries, including aerospace, automotive, and civil engineering. It highlights the high strength, low weight, and specific uses of carbon fiber in products like sports equipment and structural reinforcements. Additionally, it addresses cost factors, safety issues related to carbon fiber dust, and recycling methods developed to reclaim fibers.
Development of carbon foam and silica foam by Templete routeParth PatelThis document describes the development of carbon foam and silica foam using a template route. Open cell polyurethane foam was used as a template and impregnated with phenolic resin or silica sol to produce carbon foam or silica foam, respectively, after heat treatment. The physical and structural properties of the resulting foams were characterized. Methods like volume shrinkage, carbon yield, density, kerosene porosity, SEM, compressive testing and TGA were used to analyze the foams.
plastic piping seminar presentationMaharastra institute of technology(MIT)This document discusses plastic piping, including its history, common types, materials, and uses. Plastic piping was first introduced in the 1930s and has since grown to be widely used for water distribution and drainage. Common plastic piping materials include PVC, PE, and CPVC. Plastic piping is lightweight, flexible, corrosion resistant, and inexpensive compared to other materials. It is often joined using glue or solvent welding.
elastomeric fibers: properties and applicationsSeble PetrosThe document discusses elastomeric polymers, detailing their properties, types, manufacturing processes, and applications. Elastomers, known for their elastic recovery and versatility, include natural and synthetic rubbers with numerous applications ranging from tires to footwear. Future trends highlight innovative uses of elastomers in advanced technologies like magnetorheological and electrorheological elastomers.
Vulcanisation, accelerators & curing systemPRIYABRATA GHOSHThis document discusses the history and chemistry of vulcanization and curing systems for rubber. Some key points include:
- Charles Goodyear discovered in 1839 that heating rubber with sulfur produced an elastic product that did not become sticky or brittle at high/low temperatures, launching the vulcanization process.
- Sulfur has remained the most important vulcanizing agent, though other chemicals have also been examined. Accelerators were later developed to speed up the vulcanization reaction.
- Efficient vulcanization systems using sulfur donors and accelerators produce vulcanizates with mainly mono- and disulfide crosslinks rather than unstable polysulfide crosslinks and pendant groups. This improves aging
Advanced Composite Materials & Technologies for DefenceDigitech RathodThis document discusses advanced composite materials and technologies for defense applications. It covers composites for armor applications, including novel ceramic materials and modeling of material response to high-rate loading. It discusses fibers and resins used in ballistic armor composites. Different threats are outlined and the technical requirements for armor are discussed. Body armor design considerations around weight, flexibility and cost are presented.
Assignment on Aramid fiber RaselmondalmehediThe document provides an in-depth examination of aramid fibers, specifically their types, production methods, properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Key applications include protective clothing, body armor, and composite materials, stemmed from their high strength and thermal resistance. Despite some limitations, like moisture sensitivity and UV degradation, aramid fibers are positioned as a vital material in various industrial applications.
Compositesonlinemetallurgy.comComposites are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that remain separate and distinct at the macroscopic or microscopic level within the finished structure. Composites have improved strength, stiffness, and other properties over the individual constituent materials alone. Common composite materials include fiberglass and carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Composites are used in a wide range of industries including construction, transportation, aerospace, and consumer goods due to their high strength to weight ratio and ability to be tailored to specific applications.
Richard clark morgan advanced materials The Advanced Materials ShowThe document discusses Morgan Advanced Materials' involvement in the UK Faraday Battery Challenge. It notes that Morgan has expertise in lithium-ion batteries and ceramic processes. The Faraday Battery Challenge allows Morgan to work with academics on battery technologies and focus on production, while receiving government funding. Solid-state batteries are a promising next-generation technology but challenges remain around cost, processing, and interfaces. Morgan is developing a novel ceramic fiber-polymer composite solid electrolyte that shows potential to meet performance targets at a lower cost through a scalable process. The establishment of a battery supply chain in the UK is important as the automotive industry transitions to electrification.
Biocompatibility infoRegulatory 1This document discusses biocompatibility, which refers to the properties of materials being biologically compatible within a living system without eliciting toxic responses. From a regulatory perspective, biocompatibility involves tests to determine potential toxicity from medical device components contacting the body. Common biomaterials used include silicone rubber, Dacron, cellulose, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyurethanes, stainless steel, titanium, alumina, and hydroxyapatite. Both in vivo and in vitro testing methods are described to evaluate factors like cytotoxicity, hemocompatibility, sensitization, and irritation. Manufacturers are responsible for demonstrating the safety and efficacy of their finished, sterilized devices through appropriate biocompatibility studies.
Polymers and Biomedical Applications.pptekanurul13The document discusses synthetic biomaterials and polymers used in medicine. It provides definitions for biomaterials and biocompatibility. Biomaterials are materials designed for use inside the body, and their interaction with biological systems is studied. The document outlines commonly used biomaterial classes including metals, ceramics, polymers, composites and hydrogels. Examples are given of materials used for applications like orthopedic and dental implants, vascular grafts, and drug delivery devices. Key considerations for biomaterial selection like mechanical properties, biostability and biocompatibility are also summarized.
Manufacturing of Synthetic Resins with Formulae & ProcessesAjjay Kumar GuptaThe document provides an extensive overview of the manufacturing processes and applications of synthetic resins, covering various types including allyl, alkyd, epoxy, and silicone resins. It discusses the stability, cost-effectiveness, and wide-ranging industrial applications of these polymers in sectors such as paints, adhesives, and textiles. Additionally, the document presents detailed formulae and processes for different synthetic resin compositions, making it a valuable resource for developers, researchers, and entrepreneurs in the field.
Polymeric biomaterialscarolinaThe document discusses polymeric biomaterials, including both natural and synthetic polymers. It describes commonly used natural polymers like collagen, chitosan, and alginate, which are biodegradable and can be processed into various formats. Synthetic polymers discussed include PVC, PMMA, PP, and PS. These have advantages of manufacturability but must be biocompatible. The document also covers polymerization processes and structural modification, as well as using surface modification like atomic oxygen treatment to increase hydrophilicity of polymers like polystyrene.
Banana fibre particularsIshvara Reddy ProfThis document summarizes information about a banana fibre extractor machine. It is a portable, single-person operated machine that uses a 1 HP electric motor to extract fibre from waste parts of bananas like pseudo stems, peduncles, and leafstalks. It can extract 15-20 kg of fibre in 8 hours. The machine costs Rs. 20-30 per kg to operate and maintain. The fibre has various uses including making yarn, decorative items, handmade paper, and textiles. It can generate Rs. 12,000 net income per hectare and has export potential. The technology has spread to 19 districts in Andhra Pradesh and 9 other states in India.
Military textileNidhiSharma835The document discusses military textiles and their history and uses. It notes that textiles are widely used in the military for uniforms, protective clothing, and other applications. It provides details on the types of fabrics used like knitted, woven, coated and non-woven materials. Key materials discussed include Kevlar, polyester, cotton and more. The document outlines factors considered in military textile selection like weight, durability, resistance to water, UV light and more. It describes the layered military clothing system and applications of textiles in areas like ballistic protection, flame resistance and more. Challenges are noted around balancing requirements like durability, weight and thermal insulation.
Shape memory alloys in textile Dena MohamadThe document discusses shape memory alloys (SMAs) and their applications in textiles, highlighting their unique properties that allow them to revert to their original shapes upon heating. It details the manufacturing challenges of SMAs, different types of SMAs, and innovative applications such as smart textiles, programming methods, and potential uses in various industries. Additionally, it contrasts shape memory polymers (SMPs) with SMAs, noting the advantages of SMPs in terms of processing and cost.
Presentation on solar cell textilesRajkumar ShinkarThis document discusses the potential for flexible solar cells integrated into textiles and fabrics. It notes that solar energy is an inexhaustible, cost-free, and eco-friendly resource that can replace fossil fuels. Flexible solar cells could overcome the drawbacks of rigid solar panels by being easily adaptable and woven into fabrics. The document explores two approaches for creating flexible solar cells: using inorganic or organic photovoltaic technologies. Potential applications include integrating the solar cells into clothing, tents, and other fabrics to provide electricity. More research is still needed to improve efficiency and lower costs before these flexible solar cell textiles can be practically manufactured.
composites applications in electrical and electronicsgirish_raghunathan4488This document discusses applications of composites in the field of electrical and electronics. It provides examples of composites being used for:
1) Printed circuit boards, where composites like E-glass/epoxy provide good dielectric performance for signal insulation.
2) Electromagnetic shielding, where conductive polymer composites can effectively shield electromagnetic radiation through reflection and absorption.
3) Electrical switching and insulation, as composites like paper-phenolic, epoxy-cotton, and glass-polyimide have properties like high dielectric strength and thermal conductivity that make them suitable for electrical insulation.
Introduction to Composite Material.pptx.pptxFaizRehman50Composite materials are engineered from two or more distinct constituents, resulting in properties that differ from the individual components. The key components are matrix materials, which bind reinforcements, and reinforcement materials, which provide strength and stiffness. Types of composites include polymer, metal, and ceramic matrix composites, with manufacturing processes such as lay-up and injection molding used to create them.
Analysis of-environmental-situation-in-turkish-textile-industryAgus WitonoThis document provides a summary of an analysis of the environmental situation in the Turkish textile industry. It conducted surveys and interviews at multiple scales - the micro level of textile SMEs, the meso level of markets/customers, and the macro level of institutions and governance.
The analysis found that while many SMEs are aware of environmental issues, they lack skills and capacity for environmental management and cleaner production. It also found that large customers are increasingly demanding social and environmental standards from suppliers. However, the current institutional and regulatory framework in Turkey provides limited support for SMEs to meet these demands. The report concludes with recommendations to address these gaps through new policies, financing, information sharing, and capacity building initiatives.
Banana fiber reinforced composite materialkongu Engineering CollegeThis document discusses the preparation of a banana fiber reinforced composite wall material. Banana fibers are extracted from plantain stems and twisted into threads. The threads are arranged vertically and horizontally on a cardboard surface. Polyester resin, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide hardener, and silicon powder filler are mixed in a 60:10:30 ratio and poured into the fiber framework. The resulting composite wall has a tensile strength of 33 MPa and low thermal conductivity. Potential applications include automotive parts, and advantages of the natural fiber composite include being environmentally friendly and biodegradable. Future work proposed includes producing larger sheets and further testing mechanical properties.
Natural fibre-compositesMechanical OnlineThis document discusses natural fiber composites made from hemp. It notes that Henry Ford developed a plant-based car made from hemp in 1940. Today, companies like Ford are using hemp composites for parts like door trim panels and under-the-hood sound dampeners. Hemp fibers are cleaned, heated, and glued together with natural or synthetic resins to form composites. Composites made from hemp are lighter, more energy efficient to produce, and can replace plastics and some metals in vehicles and other applications. By 2010, it was anticipated that natural fibers would replace 20% of the fiberglass used in US cars.
PolyamideSGS PakistanPolyamide fibers are composed of long molecular chains containing repeating amide groups. The two most common polyamides used to produce nylon fibers are nylon 6, which is made from caprolactam, and nylon 6,6, which is made from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. Nylon 6 is produced by polymerizing caprolactam, a white solid made from coal tar derivatives, above 500°C. Nylon 6,6 is formed through condensation polymerization of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine with the loss of water. Both nylons are melt spun into fibers and widely used in applications such as fabrics, carpets, ropes and tires
Polymer compositesKartikeya PandeyPolymer composites are materials made by combining polymers with fibers or fillers. Natural fiber composites are an environmentally friendly type of polymer composite that uses plant-derived fibers like wood, sisal, hemp or cotton instead of fibers like fiberglass. They have been investigated since the 1960s for uses like repairing existing structures. Natural fiber composites are lightweight, can be produced with low energy, and sequester carbon dioxide. They provide benefits like strength enhancement, durability, and a replacement for steel with lower stiffness. However, there are challenges to wider adoption like a lack of experienced designers and higher short term costs. The construction industry is a major consumer of polymer composites, especially for non-load bearing
Moocs: sobrevendidos e infrautilizadosCarlos Magro MazoEste documento resume la historia de la tecnología educativa desde la década de 1920 hasta la actualidad. Señala que a pesar de las grandes inversiones realizadas en tecnología para la educación, como películas educativas en los años 20, radio y televisión educativa en los 50 y 60, y computadoras personales en los 80, la tecnología no ha logrado transformar realmente la educación como se esperaba. También discute el surgimiento de los MOOCs y la educación abierta en línea en las últimas décadas.
Assignment on Aramid fiber RaselmondalmehediThe document provides an in-depth examination of aramid fibers, specifically their types, production methods, properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Key applications include protective clothing, body armor, and composite materials, stemmed from their high strength and thermal resistance. Despite some limitations, like moisture sensitivity and UV degradation, aramid fibers are positioned as a vital material in various industrial applications.
Compositesonlinemetallurgy.comComposites are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that remain separate and distinct at the macroscopic or microscopic level within the finished structure. Composites have improved strength, stiffness, and other properties over the individual constituent materials alone. Common composite materials include fiberglass and carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Composites are used in a wide range of industries including construction, transportation, aerospace, and consumer goods due to their high strength to weight ratio and ability to be tailored to specific applications.
Richard clark morgan advanced materials The Advanced Materials ShowThe document discusses Morgan Advanced Materials' involvement in the UK Faraday Battery Challenge. It notes that Morgan has expertise in lithium-ion batteries and ceramic processes. The Faraday Battery Challenge allows Morgan to work with academics on battery technologies and focus on production, while receiving government funding. Solid-state batteries are a promising next-generation technology but challenges remain around cost, processing, and interfaces. Morgan is developing a novel ceramic fiber-polymer composite solid electrolyte that shows potential to meet performance targets at a lower cost through a scalable process. The establishment of a battery supply chain in the UK is important as the automotive industry transitions to electrification.
Biocompatibility infoRegulatory 1This document discusses biocompatibility, which refers to the properties of materials being biologically compatible within a living system without eliciting toxic responses. From a regulatory perspective, biocompatibility involves tests to determine potential toxicity from medical device components contacting the body. Common biomaterials used include silicone rubber, Dacron, cellulose, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyurethanes, stainless steel, titanium, alumina, and hydroxyapatite. Both in vivo and in vitro testing methods are described to evaluate factors like cytotoxicity, hemocompatibility, sensitization, and irritation. Manufacturers are responsible for demonstrating the safety and efficacy of their finished, sterilized devices through appropriate biocompatibility studies.
Polymers and Biomedical Applications.pptekanurul13The document discusses synthetic biomaterials and polymers used in medicine. It provides definitions for biomaterials and biocompatibility. Biomaterials are materials designed for use inside the body, and their interaction with biological systems is studied. The document outlines commonly used biomaterial classes including metals, ceramics, polymers, composites and hydrogels. Examples are given of materials used for applications like orthopedic and dental implants, vascular grafts, and drug delivery devices. Key considerations for biomaterial selection like mechanical properties, biostability and biocompatibility are also summarized.
Manufacturing of Synthetic Resins with Formulae & ProcessesAjjay Kumar GuptaThe document provides an extensive overview of the manufacturing processes and applications of synthetic resins, covering various types including allyl, alkyd, epoxy, and silicone resins. It discusses the stability, cost-effectiveness, and wide-ranging industrial applications of these polymers in sectors such as paints, adhesives, and textiles. Additionally, the document presents detailed formulae and processes for different synthetic resin compositions, making it a valuable resource for developers, researchers, and entrepreneurs in the field.
Polymeric biomaterialscarolinaThe document discusses polymeric biomaterials, including both natural and synthetic polymers. It describes commonly used natural polymers like collagen, chitosan, and alginate, which are biodegradable and can be processed into various formats. Synthetic polymers discussed include PVC, PMMA, PP, and PS. These have advantages of manufacturability but must be biocompatible. The document also covers polymerization processes and structural modification, as well as using surface modification like atomic oxygen treatment to increase hydrophilicity of polymers like polystyrene.
Banana fibre particularsIshvara Reddy ProfThis document summarizes information about a banana fibre extractor machine. It is a portable, single-person operated machine that uses a 1 HP electric motor to extract fibre from waste parts of bananas like pseudo stems, peduncles, and leafstalks. It can extract 15-20 kg of fibre in 8 hours. The machine costs Rs. 20-30 per kg to operate and maintain. The fibre has various uses including making yarn, decorative items, handmade paper, and textiles. It can generate Rs. 12,000 net income per hectare and has export potential. The technology has spread to 19 districts in Andhra Pradesh and 9 other states in India.
Military textileNidhiSharma835The document discusses military textiles and their history and uses. It notes that textiles are widely used in the military for uniforms, protective clothing, and other applications. It provides details on the types of fabrics used like knitted, woven, coated and non-woven materials. Key materials discussed include Kevlar, polyester, cotton and more. The document outlines factors considered in military textile selection like weight, durability, resistance to water, UV light and more. It describes the layered military clothing system and applications of textiles in areas like ballistic protection, flame resistance and more. Challenges are noted around balancing requirements like durability, weight and thermal insulation.
Shape memory alloys in textile Dena MohamadThe document discusses shape memory alloys (SMAs) and their applications in textiles, highlighting their unique properties that allow them to revert to their original shapes upon heating. It details the manufacturing challenges of SMAs, different types of SMAs, and innovative applications such as smart textiles, programming methods, and potential uses in various industries. Additionally, it contrasts shape memory polymers (SMPs) with SMAs, noting the advantages of SMPs in terms of processing and cost.
Presentation on solar cell textilesRajkumar ShinkarThis document discusses the potential for flexible solar cells integrated into textiles and fabrics. It notes that solar energy is an inexhaustible, cost-free, and eco-friendly resource that can replace fossil fuels. Flexible solar cells could overcome the drawbacks of rigid solar panels by being easily adaptable and woven into fabrics. The document explores two approaches for creating flexible solar cells: using inorganic or organic photovoltaic technologies. Potential applications include integrating the solar cells into clothing, tents, and other fabrics to provide electricity. More research is still needed to improve efficiency and lower costs before these flexible solar cell textiles can be practically manufactured.
composites applications in electrical and electronicsgirish_raghunathan4488This document discusses applications of composites in the field of electrical and electronics. It provides examples of composites being used for:
1) Printed circuit boards, where composites like E-glass/epoxy provide good dielectric performance for signal insulation.
2) Electromagnetic shielding, where conductive polymer composites can effectively shield electromagnetic radiation through reflection and absorption.
3) Electrical switching and insulation, as composites like paper-phenolic, epoxy-cotton, and glass-polyimide have properties like high dielectric strength and thermal conductivity that make them suitable for electrical insulation.
Introduction to Composite Material.pptx.pptxFaizRehman50Composite materials are engineered from two or more distinct constituents, resulting in properties that differ from the individual components. The key components are matrix materials, which bind reinforcements, and reinforcement materials, which provide strength and stiffness. Types of composites include polymer, metal, and ceramic matrix composites, with manufacturing processes such as lay-up and injection molding used to create them.
Analysis of-environmental-situation-in-turkish-textile-industryAgus WitonoThis document provides a summary of an analysis of the environmental situation in the Turkish textile industry. It conducted surveys and interviews at multiple scales - the micro level of textile SMEs, the meso level of markets/customers, and the macro level of institutions and governance.
The analysis found that while many SMEs are aware of environmental issues, they lack skills and capacity for environmental management and cleaner production. It also found that large customers are increasingly demanding social and environmental standards from suppliers. However, the current institutional and regulatory framework in Turkey provides limited support for SMEs to meet these demands. The report concludes with recommendations to address these gaps through new policies, financing, information sharing, and capacity building initiatives.
Banana fiber reinforced composite materialkongu Engineering CollegeThis document discusses the preparation of a banana fiber reinforced composite wall material. Banana fibers are extracted from plantain stems and twisted into threads. The threads are arranged vertically and horizontally on a cardboard surface. Polyester resin, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide hardener, and silicon powder filler are mixed in a 60:10:30 ratio and poured into the fiber framework. The resulting composite wall has a tensile strength of 33 MPa and low thermal conductivity. Potential applications include automotive parts, and advantages of the natural fiber composite include being environmentally friendly and biodegradable. Future work proposed includes producing larger sheets and further testing mechanical properties.
Natural fibre-compositesMechanical OnlineThis document discusses natural fiber composites made from hemp. It notes that Henry Ford developed a plant-based car made from hemp in 1940. Today, companies like Ford are using hemp composites for parts like door trim panels and under-the-hood sound dampeners. Hemp fibers are cleaned, heated, and glued together with natural or synthetic resins to form composites. Composites made from hemp are lighter, more energy efficient to produce, and can replace plastics and some metals in vehicles and other applications. By 2010, it was anticipated that natural fibers would replace 20% of the fiberglass used in US cars.
PolyamideSGS PakistanPolyamide fibers are composed of long molecular chains containing repeating amide groups. The two most common polyamides used to produce nylon fibers are nylon 6, which is made from caprolactam, and nylon 6,6, which is made from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. Nylon 6 is produced by polymerizing caprolactam, a white solid made from coal tar derivatives, above 500°C. Nylon 6,6 is formed through condensation polymerization of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine with the loss of water. Both nylons are melt spun into fibers and widely used in applications such as fabrics, carpets, ropes and tires
Polymer compositesKartikeya PandeyPolymer composites are materials made by combining polymers with fibers or fillers. Natural fiber composites are an environmentally friendly type of polymer composite that uses plant-derived fibers like wood, sisal, hemp or cotton instead of fibers like fiberglass. They have been investigated since the 1960s for uses like repairing existing structures. Natural fiber composites are lightweight, can be produced with low energy, and sequester carbon dioxide. They provide benefits like strength enhancement, durability, and a replacement for steel with lower stiffness. However, there are challenges to wider adoption like a lack of experienced designers and higher short term costs. The construction industry is a major consumer of polymer composites, especially for non-load bearing
Moocs: sobrevendidos e infrautilizadosCarlos Magro MazoEste documento resume la historia de la tecnología educativa desde la década de 1920 hasta la actualidad. Señala que a pesar de las grandes inversiones realizadas en tecnología para la educación, como películas educativas en los años 20, radio y televisión educativa en los 50 y 60, y computadoras personales en los 80, la tecnología no ha logrado transformar realmente la educación como se esperaba. También discute el surgimiento de los MOOCs y la educación abierta en línea en las últimas décadas.
Streptococccal sore throatAnas Bahnassi أنس البهنسيThis document discusses the pharmacotherapy of streptococcal sore throat, also known as strep throat. It outlines the goals of therapy as providing symptomatic relief, preventing complications, and preventing spread. Diagnosis involves culturing throat secretions to identify group A streptococcus. Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, and tender lymph nodes. First-line treatment is penicillin, with amoxicillin as an alternative. Other antibiotic options for penicillin-allergic patients include cephalosporins, macrolides, and clindamycin. Early treatment with antibiotics can reduce symptoms and complications of strep throat.
Bērnu infekciju slimību izraisītās izmaiņas žāvāLinda Veidere2015./2016.akad.gada LOR pulciņa 10.sēdes prezentācija "Bērnu infekciju slimību izraisītās izmaiņas žāvā". Autore Alise Jakovļeva (RSU MF V kursa studente).
EBV connection to adenotonsillar hypetrophyAlise AdovičaThe document discusses the connection between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and adenotonsillar hypertrophy, highlighting that EBV is a common virus present in 90% of the population. It outlines the symptoms of EBV infection and examines lab testing for serological markers associated with adenotonsillar hypertrophy in a study involving 104 patients. The findings indicate a prevalence of tonsillar hypertrophy and its grades in relation to EBV serology, with specific patterns identified between antibody presence and tonsillar enlargement.
Sex hormones and the female voiceAlise AdovičaThe document discusses the influence of sex hormones on the female voice, particularly the effects of estrogens, progesterone, and androgens on the larynx, voice changes throughout different life stages, and associated syndromes such as premenstrual vocal syndrome and menopausal vocal syndrome. Research indicates hormonal fluctuations lead to vocal discomfort and changes, with treatment options including hormone replacement therapy and voice therapy. The need for further research on the hormonal mechanisms affecting the larynx is emphasized.
Correlation between orofacial clefts and chronic serous otitis mediaAlise AdovičaThe document discusses the correlation between orofacial clefts, a common congenital abnormality, and chronic serous otitis media. It details development, classifications, causes, clinical presentations, and the need for multidisciplinary approaches in treatment, emphasizing a significant statistical correlation with otitis media. The findings indicate no significant difference in waiting times for reconstructive surgery between genders or with the presence of otitis media.
Dedzinošais mutes sindromsAlise Adoviča2016./2017.m.g. ORL SZP 6.sēdes prezentācija "Dedzinošais mutes sindroms". Autore: Linda Ozoliņa (RSU MF IV kursa studente)
Ožas funkcija un tās traucējumiAlise Adoviča2016./2017.m.g. ORL SZP 5.sēdes prezentācija "Ožas funkcija un tās traucējumi". Autore: Evita Cimdiņa (RSU MF V kursa studente)
Kakla daļas radioloģiskā anatomijaAlise Adoviča2016./2017.m.g. ORL un radioloģijas SZP apvienotās sēdes prezentācija "Kakla daļas radioloģiskā anatomija no ORL aspekta". Autore: Jūlija Ivanova (RSU MF IV kursa studente)
2. Biomateriāli
Jebkura pēc izcelsmes dabīga vai sintētiska viela
(izņemot medikamenti) vai vielu kombinācija, kas
var tikt izmantota uz jebkādu laika periodu kā
pilnīga sistēma vai tās daļa, kas ārstē, palielina vai
aizvieto audus, orgānus vai organisma funkcijas.
Medicīniskas ierīces, kas izstrādātas audu
aizvietošanas vai rekonstrukcijas mērķiem.
3. Biomateriālu īpašības
Biosaderība – materiāla saderība ar apkārtējiem
audiem, kad telpa starp materiālu un audiem ir
dabiska, bez radītām izmaiņām – bez iekaisīgu un
imunoloģisku reakciju izpausmēm.
Biomateriāli lokāli vai sistēmiski nav toksiski,
netraucē audu šūnu normālu diferenciāciju, nav
alergēns un imunogēns.
4. Biomateriālu klasifikācija
Biotoleranti materiāli
netiek atgrūsti, bet tiek atdalīti no apkārtējiem audiem fibrozas
kapsulas izveidošanās rezultātā;
Bioinerti materiāli
netiek atdalīti, tāpēc pilnībā kontaktē ar audiem bez novērotas
bioloģiskas savstarpējas mijiedarbības;
Bioaktīvi materiāli
pateicoties savstarpējai mijiedarbībai ar audiem, veicina audu
ieaugšanu, kā rezultātā materiāls tiek aizstāts ar jauniem audiem;
Bioinduktīvie materiāli
inducē audu veidošanos ārpus to dabīgās lokalizācijas.
5. Implantācijai audos piemēroti:
biotoleranti un bioinerti materiāli
Audu aizvietošanai:
bioaktīvie un bioinduktīvie materiāli
6. Transplantāti
Autotransplantāts (autografts) –
no paša cilvēka ķermeņa citas anatomiskas vietas
iegūti audi, kas tiek transplantēti uz nepieciešamo
vietu.
Kaulu transplantātu avoti:
Tragus, antitragus,
concha, calvaria,
crista iliaca,
costa, tibia.
7. Transplantāti
Allotransplantāti tiek iegūti no ģenētiski līdzīgiem
donoriem, tas ir, no cilvēkiem, visbiežāk līķiem,
kuru materiāls tiek uzglabāts bankās.
• Acelulāra dermas transplantāts
• Sasaldēts kauls, demineralizēts-sasaldēts-izkaltēts
kaula transplantāts, u.c.
Otorinolaringoloģijā un galvas-kakla ķirurģijā šie
materiāli netiek lietoti.
8. Transplantāti
Kseno-transplantāti tiek iegūti no dažādām
dzīvnieku sugām (visbiežāk vērsis).
Lietošanas ierobežojums:
• Atgrūšanas risks
• Infekciju transmisijas risks (Kreicfelda Jakoba
slimība, Vēršu spongiformā encefalopātija)
10. Metāli un to sakausējumi
• Titāns un tā sakausējumi (visplašāk pielietots,
labākā biosaderība, viegls, rezistents pret koroziju,
relatīvi mīksts, viegli deformējams)
• Zelts, sudrabs, tantāls
• Nerūsējošais tērauds (Ni jonu izdale→ Ni
hipersensitivitāte, relatīvi trausls, raksturīgs izteikts
Me «nogurums»)
16. Keramika
Neorganisks, nemetālisks ciets materiāls, kas satur
metāla un nemetāla atomus savienotus ar jonu,
kovolentām saitēm.
• Bioaktīvs stikls, stikla jonomērcementi (divejāda
struktūra, laba biosaderība, laba termoizturība,
trauslums)
• Hidroksiapatīts Ca5(PO4)3(OH) (bioaktīvs,
bioinduktīvs (osteoinduktīvs), osteokonduktīvs)
• Kalcija fosfātcements Ca3(PO4)2
18. Izmantošana
Mastoidālā dobuma obliterācija (pēc radikālas
mastoidektomijas):
Frontālā sinusa obliterācija (hroniskas infekcijas
prevencija, pēc traumas vai audzēja)
25. Kopsavilkums:
Transplantāti vs Implantāti
Transplantātu pieejamība – ierobežota
Neviens sintezēts materiāls pilnībā neatbilst dzīvu
audu biomehāniskam raksturojumam
Neviens sintezēts materiāls nespēj remodelēties,
atkarībā no mehāniskajām slodzēm dzīvajā
organismā
26. Izmantotā literatūra
Malard O1, Espitalier F, Bordure P, Daculsi G, Weiss P, Corre P.
Biomaterials for tissue reconstruction and bone substitution of the ear, nose
and throat, face and neck. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2007 Sep;4(5):729-
39.
Rondini-Gilli E, Grayeli AB, Borges Crosara PF et al. Ossiculoplasty with
total hydroxiapatite prostheses anatomical and functional outcomes. Otol.
Neurotol. 24940, 543-547 (2003)
Yung MW. The use of hydroxyapatite granules in mastoid obliteration.
Clin. Otolaryngol. Allied Sci. 21(6), 480-484 (1996)
Byron J. Bailey, Jonas T. Johnson. Head and Neck Surgery –
Otolaryngology. Grafts and Implants in Facial, Head, and Neck Surgery.
Fourth edition.
Treace HT. Biomaterials in ossiculoplasty and historu of develompent of
prostheses for ossiculoplasty. Otolaryngol. Clin. North. Am. 27(4), 655-
662 (1994)
27. Izmantotā literatūra
Han-Bin Lee, Hye Jin Lim, Minhyuk Cho, Suk-Min Yang, Keehyun Park,
Hun Yi Park, Yun-Hoon Choung. Clinical Significance of β-Tricalcium
Phosphate and Polyphosphate for Mastoid Cavity Obliteration during
Middle Ear Surgery: Human and Animal Study. Clinical and Experimental
Otorhinolaryngology 2013; 6(3): 127-134.
Katrin Sternberg, Current requirements for polymeric biomaterials in
otolaryngology. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;
8: Doc11.
V. Budu, T. Decuseara, R.Baican, D.Cohocaru, I.Bulescu, M.Georgescu,
M.Tusaliu, B. Mocanu. Compatible biomaterials used in ENT practice.
Scientific Bulletin of the Electrical Engineering Faculty, 2015, No.2. (30)
29. Tests
Bioaktīvi materiāli:
a) tiek atdalīti no apkārtējiem audiem fibrozas
kapsulas izveidošanās rezultātā;
b) netiek atdalīti, tāpēc pilnībā kontaktē ar audiem
bez novērotas bioloģiskas savstarpējas
mijiedarbības;
c) pateicoties savstarpējai mijiedarbībai ar audiem,
veicina audu ieaugšanu, kā rezultātā materiāls tiek
aizstāts ar jauniem audiem;
30. Tests
Kurš transplantātu veids ir zelta standarts
transplantoloģijā:
a) autotransplantāti
b) allotransplantāti
c) ksenotransplantāti
31. Tests
Kurš metāls visbiežāk izmantots implantātiem
otorinolaringoloģijā?
a) Titāns
b) Teflons
c) Tantāls
Editor's Notes
#4: Pirms materiāla lietošanas tiek testēta arī materiāla mutagenitāte un kancerogenitāte.
Balstoties uz audu reakciju pret biomateriālu, materiāli tiek klasificēti:
#5: Atbilstoši biomateriālu mijiedarbībai ar aufiem izšķir:
1) Biotoleranti materiāli
netiek atgrūsti, bet tiek atdalīti no apkārtējiem audiem fibrozas kapsulas izveidošanās rezultātā
2) Bioinerti materiāli
netiek atdalīti, tāpēc pilnībā kontaktē ar audiem bez novērotas bioloģiskas savstarpējas mijiedarbības;
3) Bioaktīvi materiāli
pateicoties savstarpējai mijiedarbībai ar audiem, veicina audu (kaulu) ieaugšanu, kā rezultātā materiāls tiek aizstāts (ar kaulaudiem);
4) Bioinduktīvie materiāli
inducē audu veidošanos ārpus to dabīgās lokalizācijas (p: ektopiskā kaula veidošanās)
#6: Tas nozīmē, ka biotoleranti un bioinerti materiāli ir piemēroti implantācijai (kaulā), bet audu aizvietošanai tiek lietoti bioaktīvie un bioinduktīvie materiāli. [15]
#7: Zelta standarts transplantoloģijā.
Kaulu transplantāti tiek izmantoti: kaulaudu augmentācijā, kaulu dobumu obliterācijās kā arī kaulu defektu likvidācijai, kas radušies traumas, infekcijas vai audzēja ekstirpācijas gadījumā.
#8: Tātad materiāls pēc iegūšanas tiek dažādos veidos apstrādāts, lai samazinātu iespējamās imūnreakcijas, kas novestu pie materiāla atgrūšanas, infekciju transmisijas riskus.
Ir bijuši dažādi mēģinājumi lietot šo transplantātu veidu, piemēram lietojot acelulārās dermas transplantātu deguna starpsienas perforācijas likvidācijai, taču pietiekami labi rezultāti netiek sasniegti, tāpēc
imunoloģisko un infekciozo aspektu dēļ šo transplantātu lietošana ir limitēta un otorinolaringoloģijā kā arī galvas un kakla ķirurģijā šie materiāli netiek lietoti.
#11: Me pieder pie visvecākajiem, vissenāk izmantojamiem biomateriāliem. Ļoti dažādi Me un to sakausējumu varianti tiek lietoti implantātu izgatavošanai, taču biežāk izmantojamie Me otorinolaringoloģijā lietojamiem biomateriāliem ir: Ti, Tērauds un tantāls.
#12: Stapes protēze (stapedioplastikai) (no titāna- tiek uzskatīts par labāko materiālu šai protēzei) (pieejami arī varianti no teflona, hidroksiapatīta, polietilēna)
TORP /PORP– (timpanoplastikai) totālā/parciāla dzirdes kauliņu rekonstrukcijas protēze Ti.
Septal button (starpsienas poga) – pamatā tiek izgatavoti no cita materiāla, bet sastop arī no Ti izgatavotus.
#14: Balss saišu medializācijai, ko pielieto unilaterāla n.laryngeus inferior paralīzes gadījumā paralizētās balss saites novirzīšana mediāli – lai ↓gaisa noplūdi, balss intensitāti ↑, lieto Ti implantu.
#15: Deguna velvju disfunkcijas gadījumā, kad pie ieelpas tiek sakļautas nāsis – attīstās respiratorā nepietiekamība. Deguna velvju dilatācijai lieto implantus, kas tiek fiksēti pie augšējā laterālā skrimšļa.
#17: Keramika ir neorganisks, nemetālisks ciets materiāls, kas satur metāla un nemetāla atomus savienotus ar jonu, kovolentām saitēm.
Ir ļoti plašs keramikas materiālu klāsts no kuriem visbiežāk izmantojamie ir: bioaktīvs stikls, stikla jonomērcementi, hidroksiamatīta kristāli, kalcija fosfāts.
Bioaktīvs stikls, stikla jonomērcementi – tam divejāda struktūra (režģa, amorfa), ir trausli materiāli, tāpēc to izmantošana ir limitēta vietās, kuras ir pakļautas slodzēm, piemēram, ossikuloplastikai tie nav piemēroti)
Jau citas keramikas formas ir HA un CP, kuru sastāvā ir elementi ir kaula pamatsubstances (Ca, P).
HA ir bioaktīvs un bioinduktīvs (osteoinduktīvs- inducē osteoģenēzi), osteokonduktīvs (nodrošina osteoģenēzi uz virsmas) materiāls tāpēc plaši lietojami kaulaudu aizvietošanai un reģenerācijai kā arī citu implantātu pārklāšanai lai veicinātu tā osteointegrāciju.
Kalcija fosfāta ķīmija ir līdzīga, jo tas noteiktos apstākļos veido Hidroksiapatītu.
#19: Mastoidālā dobuma obliterācija, ko iesaka pēc radikālas mastoidektomijas (destruktīva holesteatoma vai hronisks otīts), lai samazinātu ↓ izdalījumu daudzums, sekmē labāku dzirdes funkciju, ↓ holestestomas recidīva risku.
Obliteration using hydroxyapatite is recommended only over non-cholesteatomatous sites because of the risk
of residual disease and the difficulty re-exploring these cases.
Frontālā sinusa obliterācija (hroniskas infekcijas prevencija, pēc traumas vai audzēja)
#21: Polimēri ir ļoti plaši izplatīts materiāls, jo to mehāniskās īpašības ir salīdzinoši viegli maināmas un pielāgojamas nepieciešamajai izmantošanai. Mainot gan to strukturālo, gan ķīmisko sastāvu iespējams iegūt ļoti plašu materiālu klāstu ar dažādām īpašību kombinācijām.
#22: Deguna silikona šinas (lieto pēc septoplastijas)
#23: Attēlos redzami dažāda izmēra izmantojamie silikona bloki dobumu obliterācijai