Biomechanics & Sports Tech
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The document discusses several key developments in sports technology and their effects on athletic performance. It focuses on three main examples: 1) The introduction of the klapskate in speed skating in 1997, which allowed skaters to achieve 5% faster times and broke many world records due to an increase in work per stroke and stroke frequency. 2) Tuned tracks for running and cycling that decrease foot contact time and increase step length through an optimized stiffness that provides give under the athlete without excessive displacement. 3) Advances in aerodynamic cycling equipment and body positioning in the 1980s-1990s that reduced drag and improved efficiency at racing speeds, where drag accounts for 90% of resistive forces.
Biomechanics & Sports Tech
- 1. KIN 320 Fall 2017
- 3. Long-track Speed Skatinghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtdJr6tM24M
- 4. Neptune, R.R., McGowan, C.P. and Fiandt, J.M. (2009). The influence of muscle physiology and advanced technology on sports performance. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 11: 81-107. http://www.me.utexas.edu/~neptune/publications.php#_2009 The new klapskate design revolutionized the sport of speed skating, allowing skaters to achieve 5% faster times compared with conventional skates. The increase in speed was due to an increase in work done by the leg per stroke and the stroke frequency relative to conventional skates, which also resulted in improved efficiency.
- 5. Following its acceptance in international competitions in 1997, every speed skating world record was broken at the 1998 Nagano Olympic Games by skaters using the klapskate. However, the full benefit of the klapskate may yet to be realized, as both experimental and computer simulation analyses have shown that performance is influenced by the hinge position on the klapskate, and that the optimal position varies across skaters.
- 6. Tuned tracks have a stiffness that decreases foot contact time and increases step length. How does it work? Spring force = -stiffness x displacement If the track is too stiff, it wont have any give and the forces from the athletes legs will go into compressing his joints If the track is not stiff enough, it will displace too far and the athlete will lose power. http://jap.physiology.org/content/92/2/469
- 7. Penn State Center for Sports Surface Research: http://plantscience.psu.edu/research/centers/ssrc Research: https://www.playsmartplaysafe.com/newsroom/videos/putti ng-your-best-foot-forward/ Floor Types: http://recmanagement.com/fea ture_print.php?fid=200305fe00
- 8. At racing speeds, aerodynamic drag accounts for 90% of the resistive forces on the rider. Some major advances in cycling have been: Aerodynamic bike design (1984) Obree position (1993) Superman position (1996)
- 11. The physics of ski jumping by W. M端ller, Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Austria http://skypig.info/pdf/Skijump/0.pdf
- 13. 2009 World Championship Swimsuit Regulations Swimsuits should not cover the neck and must not extend past the shoulders and ankles The material should follow the body shape and not contain air-trapping effects Maximum thickness of 1mm Buoyancy effect of not more than 1 Newton No pain-reduction / electro-stimulus or chemical release Swimmers can only wear 1 swimsuit No modification or customization is permitted for individual swimmers Restrictions placed on the permeability of swimsuits (max: 50% of non-permeable material) sportslawnews.wordpress.com/2009/03/15/fina-tighten-up-swimsuit-regulations/