bios booting process
Download as PPTX, PDF
2 likes2,472 views
The document discusses BIOS, the boot process, processes, and stacks. It begins by explaining that BIOS initializes hardware and loads the boot loader. It describes cold booting when powering on and warm booting for restarting the OS after a crash. A process is an executing computer program containing code and activity. Processes can create child processes and have various states like running and waiting. A stack uses LIFO to temporarily store information for program execution using a stack pointer to track the top address.
1 of 30
Downloaded 47 times
Recommended
Computer memory
Computer memoryX畉u i棚n
油
Storage provides capacity for files and information through devices like hard disks, while memory provides working space through RAM. Primary storage includes RAM and cache for running the computer, while secondary storage is long-term storage like hard disks. RAM is volatile memory used for running programs, coming in static RAM and dynamic RAM forms. ROM is read-only memory storing basic instructions. Cache memory improves performance by storing frequently used data and instructions. Optical storage includes CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays, while magnetic storage encompasses floppy disks and hard disks. Flash memory offers portable options like USB drives and solid-state drives.Introduction to Motherboard 
Introduction to Motherboard Makrand Patil
油
This presentation provides an overview of motherboard components and functions. It describes the main components including the CPU socket, memory slots, chipset, BIOS, expansion slots, and input/output ports. It explains that the motherboard connects the central processing unit and other internal components to enable communication within the computer. Form factors like ATX and microATX determine the motherboard size and compatibility. Selecting a motherboard involves considering the CPU, case, expansion needs and warranty.Formating computer
Formating computerargusacademy
油
This document provides step-by-step instructions for installing Windows XP operating system software. It details how to enable booting from a CD, format drives, create partitions, and complete the Windows XP installation. Key steps include enabling the BIOS to boot from the CD/DVD drive, formatting drives using the NTFS file system, creating primary partitions for drives C and others, and completing the Windows XP setup by entering registration information and configuring network and security settings. Users are advised to follow all steps carefully to successfully install Windows XP.Buses in a computer
Buses in a computerchrispaul8676
油
Buses transfer data and communication signals within a computer. They allow different components like the CPU, memory, and input/output devices to exchange information. The bus width and clock speed determine how much data can be transferred at once and how quickly. Wider buses and faster clock speeds improve performance by allowing more data to be processed in less time. A computer has several types of buses that connect different internal components like the processor, cache, and expansion ports.HARD DISK DRIVE ppt
HARD DISK DRIVE pptsilveroak engineering collage
油
Hard disk drives are secondary storage devices that store data magnetically on spinning platters. They contain disks coated with magnetic material, read/write heads to access data, and motors to spin disks and position heads. Data is organized on disks in concentric tracks divided into sectors. Common interfaces are IDE, SATA, and SCSI, with SATA now most common. Hard disk capacity is measured in bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes depending on size.Opetating System Memory management
Opetating System Memory managementJohan Granados Montero
油
Memory management handles allocation of memory to processes and tracks used and free memory. It uses techniques like paging, segmentation, and dynamic allocation from a heap. Paging maps logical addresses to physical pages, avoiding external fragmentation. Segmentation divides memory into logical segments of varying sizes. Dynamic allocation fulfills requests from the heap, managing free blocks and avoiding fragmentation and memory leaks.Computer organization
Computer organizationishapadhy
油
The document discusses computer organization and architecture. It defines a computer as a general-purpose programmable machine that can execute a list of instructions. The Von Neumann architecture is described as having a CPU, memory, control unit, and input/output unit. Register transfer language (RTL) represents the transfer of data between registers using symbols. Key components like the ALU, registers, and buses are explained in terms of their role in processing and transferring data and instructions.Operating system; Multitasking
Operating system; MultitaskingFlameDimension95
油
This document discusses several key concepts related to operating systems:
1. Multitasking allows a CPU to quickly switch between multiple programs to give the appearance that all programs are running simultaneously. There are two types: preemptive and cooperative.
2. Multiprogramming runs several programs at once using timesharing, where the operating system allocates CPU time slices to each program.
3. Buffering stores data temporarily in RAM when transferring between devices to improve efficiency. Word processors use buffers to track file changes before saving to disk.
4. Spooling places output for slower devices like printers in temporary storage so multiple applications can print concurrently without mixed output.
5. Caching uses high-File system structure
File system structuresangrampatil81
油
The document discusses the structure of file systems. It explains that a file system provides mechanisms for storing and accessing files and data. It uses a layered approach, with each layer responsible for specific tasks related to file management. The logical file system contains metadata and verifies permissions and paths. It maps logical file blocks to physical disk blocks using a file organization module, which also manages free space. The basic file system then issues I/O commands to access those physical blocks via device drivers, with I/O controls handling interrupts.Hard disk PPT
Hard disk PPTGeorge Ranson
油
1. A hard disk drive is a data storage device that stores information in 0s and 1s on magnetic platters.
2. It contains platters, read/write heads, and motors that allow it to read and write data to the spinning platters.
3. Hard disk drive capacity is measured in gigabytes or terabytes and depends on the number of platters, tracks, sectors, and bytes per sector.File Management in Operating System
File Management in Operating SystemJanki Shah
油
Contents:
1.File Concepts
2.File Types
3.File Operations
4.Access Methods
5.Directory Structure
6.File System Structure
THE COMPUTER MOTHERBOARD AND ITS COMPONENTS
THE COMPUTER MOTHERBOARD AND ITS COMPONENTSAqsa Mushtaq
油
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that holds many crucial components like the CPU and memory. It provides connections for peripherals and contains components like the CPU socket, memory slots, and chipset. The motherboard also includes power connectors and expansion slots to connect graphics cards and other devices, as well as ports on the back panel for connecting external devices.Random Access Memory ppt
Random Access Memory pptOECLIB Odisha Electronics Control Library
油
RAM allows stored data to be accessed directly in any random order. There are two main types: static RAM and dynamic RAM. Static RAM keeps data without refreshing but is more expensive, while dynamic RAM needs refreshing but is cheaper. RAM is a temporary memory that does not store data permanently once power is turned off. Future RAM technologies aim to provide smaller, faster, and cheaper memory chips compared to today's options like DDR3 RAM.Fundamentals of operating system
Fundamentals of operating systemJayesh Chauhan
油
1. The document discusses the basics of operating systems, including definitions, architecture, and booting process. It describes how an OS manages hardware and software resources and acts as an interface between users, applications, and hardware.
2. The key components of an OS architecture include the user, user applications, system programs, the operating system itself, and underlying hardware. The booting process involves POST, BIOS initialization, and loading the operating system kernel into memory.
3. The document provides several examples of OS functions like process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, security, and user interfaces. It also discusses different types of OSs such as batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing,Presentation on memory
Presentation on memoryJamil Ahmed AKASH
油
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes main memory, which is used for immediate access by the CPU, and secondary memory, which stores much larger amounts of data for longer periods. The main types of main memory are RAM, ROM, cache, and registers. RAM and ROM are further divided into static, dynamic, programmable, erasable, and electronically erasable types. Secondary memory includes magnetic disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, and solid-state storage. Hard disks can be internal, removable cartridges, or disk packs.Ram presentation
Ram presentationKadai McFadden
油
RAM stands for Random Access Memory and can be accessed in a non-sequential order. There are two main forms of RAM: SRAM and DRAM. SRAM is static and holds its data without needing to be refreshed, while DRAM must be refreshed regularly to maintain its data. DRAM is the most common type used in computers today and comes in different speeds and sizes, with examples being DIMM, SO-DIMM, and DDR memory sticks. Computer memory has a big effect on system performance.Random access memory
Random access memoryRuchi Maurya
油
This document provides an overview of random access memory (RAM). It discusses that RAM is a type of volatile memory used to store running programs and data. The document outlines the history, technologies, components, types (SRAM and DRAM), capacities, manufacturers, and advantages/disadvantages of RAM. It also includes diagrams of a RAM block and the positioning and structure of RAM modules.Virtual memory management in Operating System
Virtual memory management in Operating SystemRashmi Bhat
油
Virtual memory allows processes to execute without being completely loaded into physical memory. It abstracts memory into a large, uniform array that allows processes to easily share files and memory. With virtual memory, programs are no longer constrained by the amount of physical memory and more programs can run simultaneously with less I/O. Pages are loaded into memory on demand via demand paging to avoid loading unused pages. When a page fault occurs for an invalid page, it is paged into memory if valid. Common page replacement algorithms are FIFO, Optimal, and LRU which replace pages based on time since last use to make space for new pages on faults.Virtual memory ppt
Virtual memory pptPunjab College Of Technical Education
油
The document discusses virtual memory, including its needs, importance, advantages, and disadvantages. Virtual memory allows a computer to use more memory for programs than is physically installed by storing unused portions on disk. This allows processes to exceed physical memory limits. Page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU, and OPT are used to determine which pages to swap in and out between memory and disk.Internal memory
Internal memorySiddique Ibrahim
油
A computer uses a hierarchy of internal and external memory systems. Internal memory includes RAM, ROM, and cache, which provide fast access but are more expensive per byte. RAM allows independent access to each memory location and is used for main memory. ROM permanently stores data and is used for boot programs. Cached memory uses SRAM for faster access than RAM. External memory includes hard disks and USB drives, which provide large, inexpensive storage but are much slower to access.File system
File systemHarleen Johal
油
The document discusses file systems and their components. It describes how files are organized logically and mapped to physical storage. It covers key file system concepts like directories, file allocation schemes, file attributes, and file operations. It also summarizes common file systems like FAT, FAT32, and NTFS and compares their features such as supported drive sizes, cluster sizes, and compatibility with different operating systems.Distributed Operating System_1
Distributed Operating System_1Dr Sandeep Kumar Poonia
油
INTRODUCTIONTO OPERATING SYSTEM
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing EnvironmentsMemory (Computer Organization)
Memory (Computer Organization)JyotiprakashMishra18
油
The document discusses various aspects of computer memory systems including main memory, cache memory, and memory mapping techniques. It provides details on:
1) Main memory stores program and data during execution and consists of addressable memory cells. Memory access time is the time for a memory operation while cycle time is the minimum delay between operations.
2) Memory units include RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory which have different characteristics like volatility and ability to be written.
3) Cache memory uses fast SRAM to improve performance by taking advantage of locality of reference where nearby memory accesses are common. Mapping techniques like direct, associative and set-associative mapping determine howPaging and segmentation
Paging and segmentationPiyush Rochwani
油
This document summarizes and compares paging and segmentation, two common memory management techniques. Paging divides physical memory into fixed-size frames and logical memory into same-sized pages. It maps pages to frames using a page table. Segmentation divides logical memory into variable-sized segments and uses a segment table to map segment numbers to physical addresses. Paging avoids external fragmentation but can cause internal fragmentation, while segmentation avoids internal fragmentation but can cause external fragmentation. Both approaches separate logical and physical address spaces but represent different models of how a process views memory.introduction To Operating System
introduction To Operating SystemLuka M G
油
The document discusses operating system concepts including process management, storage management, and virtual memory. It defines an operating system as software that manages hardware and other software. It describes key OS components like the memory manager, processor manager, and file manager. It also covers OS functions like resource allocation, program execution, I/O operations, and error detection. Process management involves scheduling processes in different states like ready, running, waiting. Virtual memory uses paging to store processes across main memory and disk.DIGITAL COMPUTERS
DIGITAL COMPUTERSdevasishreddy22
油
Digital computers operate on data expressed in binary digits (0s and 1s). They are highly accurate and fast. Microcomputers are single-user computers like desktops, laptops, and PDAs. Mini computers have more storage and memory than microcomputers and support multiple users. Mainframe computers are the largest and most powerful, able to support hundreds of users and handle massive amounts of data processing. Supercomputers use parallel processing with multiple coordinated processors and are used for highly complex tasks like weather modeling.file system in operating system
file system in operating systemtittuajay
油
The document discusses different aspects of file systems and file structures. It describes files as collections of data that have long-term existence, can be shared between processes, and organized hierarchically. File systems provide storage for files and functions to manipulate them, maintaining attributes. Common file structures include sequential, indexed sequential, and direct/hashed files. The document also outlines the components of a file system software architecture and operations performed on directories.Central processing unit
Central processing unitmariolinov
油
The CPU, or central processing unit, is the component of a computer that processes instructions and information. It controls all other parts of the computer. The CPU is made up of millions of tiny switches called transistors mounted on a silicon chip. The speed at which a CPU processes data is measured in megahertz or gigahertz, and processors are becoming faster, with one gigahertz equaling one billion cycles per second. The main manufacturers of CPUs today are Intel, which produces Pentium chips, and AMD, which produces Athlon chips, though other manufacturers like IBM also exist.Application software and system software
Application software and system softwareshujra
油
This document discusses system software and application software. It defines system software as programs that operate and control computer hardware to provide a platform for running application software. It lists common system software programs like assemblers, compilers, and file management tools. It then discusses operating systems in detail, explaining their functions like starting and shutting down computers, providing user interfaces, managing memory, coordinating tasks, configuring devices, and more. It also covers types of operating systems and defines application software as programs that perform useful tasks for users. It provides examples of different types of application software.Booting
BootingShehrevar Davierwala
油
The document provides information about booting of a computer system. It discusses that booting is required because the hardware does not know where the operating system resides or how to load it. A bootstrap loader, such as BIOS, is needed to locate the kernel and load it into memory.
The boot process begins with a reset event that loads instructions into the instruction register from a predefined memory location containing a jump to the bootstrap program stored in ROM. The bootstrap program then runs diagnostics, loads device drivers and initializes memory before locating and loading the operating system kernel to start the system startup process.More Related Content
What's hot (20)
File system structure
File system structuresangrampatil81
油
The document discusses the structure of file systems. It explains that a file system provides mechanisms for storing and accessing files and data. It uses a layered approach, with each layer responsible for specific tasks related to file management. The logical file system contains metadata and verifies permissions and paths. It maps logical file blocks to physical disk blocks using a file organization module, which also manages free space. The basic file system then issues I/O commands to access those physical blocks via device drivers, with I/O controls handling interrupts.Hard disk PPT
Hard disk PPTGeorge Ranson
油
1. A hard disk drive is a data storage device that stores information in 0s and 1s on magnetic platters.
2. It contains platters, read/write heads, and motors that allow it to read and write data to the spinning platters.
3. Hard disk drive capacity is measured in gigabytes or terabytes and depends on the number of platters, tracks, sectors, and bytes per sector.File Management in Operating System
File Management in Operating SystemJanki Shah
油
Contents:
1.File Concepts
2.File Types
3.File Operations
4.Access Methods
5.Directory Structure
6.File System Structure
THE COMPUTER MOTHERBOARD AND ITS COMPONENTS
THE COMPUTER MOTHERBOARD AND ITS COMPONENTSAqsa Mushtaq
油
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that holds many crucial components like the CPU and memory. It provides connections for peripherals and contains components like the CPU socket, memory slots, and chipset. The motherboard also includes power connectors and expansion slots to connect graphics cards and other devices, as well as ports on the back panel for connecting external devices.Random Access Memory ppt
Random Access Memory pptOECLIB Odisha Electronics Control Library
油
RAM allows stored data to be accessed directly in any random order. There are two main types: static RAM and dynamic RAM. Static RAM keeps data without refreshing but is more expensive, while dynamic RAM needs refreshing but is cheaper. RAM is a temporary memory that does not store data permanently once power is turned off. Future RAM technologies aim to provide smaller, faster, and cheaper memory chips compared to today's options like DDR3 RAM.Fundamentals of operating system
Fundamentals of operating systemJayesh Chauhan
油
1. The document discusses the basics of operating systems, including definitions, architecture, and booting process. It describes how an OS manages hardware and software resources and acts as an interface between users, applications, and hardware.
2. The key components of an OS architecture include the user, user applications, system programs, the operating system itself, and underlying hardware. The booting process involves POST, BIOS initialization, and loading the operating system kernel into memory.
3. The document provides several examples of OS functions like process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, security, and user interfaces. It also discusses different types of OSs such as batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing,Presentation on memory
Presentation on memoryJamil Ahmed AKASH
油
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes main memory, which is used for immediate access by the CPU, and secondary memory, which stores much larger amounts of data for longer periods. The main types of main memory are RAM, ROM, cache, and registers. RAM and ROM are further divided into static, dynamic, programmable, erasable, and electronically erasable types. Secondary memory includes magnetic disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, and solid-state storage. Hard disks can be internal, removable cartridges, or disk packs.Ram presentation
Ram presentationKadai McFadden
油
RAM stands for Random Access Memory and can be accessed in a non-sequential order. There are two main forms of RAM: SRAM and DRAM. SRAM is static and holds its data without needing to be refreshed, while DRAM must be refreshed regularly to maintain its data. DRAM is the most common type used in computers today and comes in different speeds and sizes, with examples being DIMM, SO-DIMM, and DDR memory sticks. Computer memory has a big effect on system performance.Random access memory
Random access memoryRuchi Maurya
油
This document provides an overview of random access memory (RAM). It discusses that RAM is a type of volatile memory used to store running programs and data. The document outlines the history, technologies, components, types (SRAM and DRAM), capacities, manufacturers, and advantages/disadvantages of RAM. It also includes diagrams of a RAM block and the positioning and structure of RAM modules.Virtual memory management in Operating System
Virtual memory management in Operating SystemRashmi Bhat
油
Virtual memory allows processes to execute without being completely loaded into physical memory. It abstracts memory into a large, uniform array that allows processes to easily share files and memory. With virtual memory, programs are no longer constrained by the amount of physical memory and more programs can run simultaneously with less I/O. Pages are loaded into memory on demand via demand paging to avoid loading unused pages. When a page fault occurs for an invalid page, it is paged into memory if valid. Common page replacement algorithms are FIFO, Optimal, and LRU which replace pages based on time since last use to make space for new pages on faults.Virtual memory ppt
Virtual memory pptPunjab College Of Technical Education
油
The document discusses virtual memory, including its needs, importance, advantages, and disadvantages. Virtual memory allows a computer to use more memory for programs than is physically installed by storing unused portions on disk. This allows processes to exceed physical memory limits. Page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU, and OPT are used to determine which pages to swap in and out between memory and disk.Internal memory
Internal memorySiddique Ibrahim
油
A computer uses a hierarchy of internal and external memory systems. Internal memory includes RAM, ROM, and cache, which provide fast access but are more expensive per byte. RAM allows independent access to each memory location and is used for main memory. ROM permanently stores data and is used for boot programs. Cached memory uses SRAM for faster access than RAM. External memory includes hard disks and USB drives, which provide large, inexpensive storage but are much slower to access.File system
File systemHarleen Johal
油
The document discusses file systems and their components. It describes how files are organized logically and mapped to physical storage. It covers key file system concepts like directories, file allocation schemes, file attributes, and file operations. It also summarizes common file systems like FAT, FAT32, and NTFS and compares their features such as supported drive sizes, cluster sizes, and compatibility with different operating systems.Distributed Operating System_1
Distributed Operating System_1Dr Sandeep Kumar Poonia
油
INTRODUCTIONTO OPERATING SYSTEM
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing EnvironmentsMemory (Computer Organization)
Memory (Computer Organization)JyotiprakashMishra18
油
The document discusses various aspects of computer memory systems including main memory, cache memory, and memory mapping techniques. It provides details on:
1) Main memory stores program and data during execution and consists of addressable memory cells. Memory access time is the time for a memory operation while cycle time is the minimum delay between operations.
2) Memory units include RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory which have different characteristics like volatility and ability to be written.
3) Cache memory uses fast SRAM to improve performance by taking advantage of locality of reference where nearby memory accesses are common. Mapping techniques like direct, associative and set-associative mapping determine howPaging and segmentation
Paging and segmentationPiyush Rochwani
油
This document summarizes and compares paging and segmentation, two common memory management techniques. Paging divides physical memory into fixed-size frames and logical memory into same-sized pages. It maps pages to frames using a page table. Segmentation divides logical memory into variable-sized segments and uses a segment table to map segment numbers to physical addresses. Paging avoids external fragmentation but can cause internal fragmentation, while segmentation avoids internal fragmentation but can cause external fragmentation. Both approaches separate logical and physical address spaces but represent different models of how a process views memory.introduction To Operating System
introduction To Operating SystemLuka M G
油
The document discusses operating system concepts including process management, storage management, and virtual memory. It defines an operating system as software that manages hardware and other software. It describes key OS components like the memory manager, processor manager, and file manager. It also covers OS functions like resource allocation, program execution, I/O operations, and error detection. Process management involves scheduling processes in different states like ready, running, waiting. Virtual memory uses paging to store processes across main memory and disk.DIGITAL COMPUTERS
DIGITAL COMPUTERSdevasishreddy22
油
Digital computers operate on data expressed in binary digits (0s and 1s). They are highly accurate and fast. Microcomputers are single-user computers like desktops, laptops, and PDAs. Mini computers have more storage and memory than microcomputers and support multiple users. Mainframe computers are the largest and most powerful, able to support hundreds of users and handle massive amounts of data processing. Supercomputers use parallel processing with multiple coordinated processors and are used for highly complex tasks like weather modeling.file system in operating system
file system in operating systemtittuajay
油
The document discusses different aspects of file systems and file structures. It describes files as collections of data that have long-term existence, can be shared between processes, and organized hierarchically. File systems provide storage for files and functions to manipulate them, maintaining attributes. Common file structures include sequential, indexed sequential, and direct/hashed files. The document also outlines the components of a file system software architecture and operations performed on directories.Central processing unit
Central processing unitmariolinov
油
The CPU, or central processing unit, is the component of a computer that processes instructions and information. It controls all other parts of the computer. The CPU is made up of millions of tiny switches called transistors mounted on a silicon chip. The speed at which a CPU processes data is measured in megahertz or gigahertz, and processors are becoming faster, with one gigahertz equaling one billion cycles per second. The main manufacturers of CPUs today are Intel, which produces Pentium chips, and AMD, which produces Athlon chips, though other manufacturers like IBM also exist.Similar to bios booting process (20)
Application software and system software
Application software and system softwareshujra
油
This document discusses system software and application software. It defines system software as programs that operate and control computer hardware to provide a platform for running application software. It lists common system software programs like assemblers, compilers, and file management tools. It then discusses operating systems in detail, explaining their functions like starting and shutting down computers, providing user interfaces, managing memory, coordinating tasks, configuring devices, and more. It also covers types of operating systems and defines application software as programs that perform useful tasks for users. It provides examples of different types of application software.Booting
BootingShehrevar Davierwala
油
The document provides information about booting of a computer system. It discusses that booting is required because the hardware does not know where the operating system resides or how to load it. A bootstrap loader, such as BIOS, is needed to locate the kernel and load it into memory.
The boot process begins with a reset event that loads instructions into the instruction register from a predefined memory location containing a jump to the bootstrap program stored in ROM. The bootstrap program then runs diagnostics, loads device drivers and initializes memory before locating and loading the operating system kernel to start the system startup process.Booting of Computer System
Booting of Computer SystemArzath Areeff
油
The document discusses the booting process of a computer system. It explains that booting is required because the hardware does not know where the operating system is located or how to load it. It needs a bootstrap loader like the BIOS to locate the kernel in memory and start its execution. It describes the minimum files (command.com, io.sys, msdos.sys) needed to boot to a DOS prompt. The boot process begins with the CPU loading a predefined memory location containing a jump instruction to the bootstrap program (stored in ROM). The BIOS then runs diagnostics, initializes devices and memory, and loads the operating system. Secondary boot loaders like GRUB can load if the active partition is invalid
OS-20210426203801.ppt
OS-20210426203801.pptLadyChristianneBucsi
油
The document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS). It discusses what an OS is, its key functions such as process management, memory management, file management, and device management. It also covers the evolution of OS from batch systems to time-sharing, multiprocessing, distributed, and network OS. Popular types of OS discussed include UNIX, Windows, Linux, and network OS.OS-20210426203801.ppt
OS-20210426203801.pptROLANDOMORALES28
油
The document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS) and describes some of their key functions. It discusses what an OS is, popular OS types, and basics of UNIX/Windows. Some key points made include:
- An OS acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware, executing programs and making hardware resources available to users.
- OS functions include process management, memory management, file management, and I/O management like controlling hardware devices.
- When a computer boots up, the BIOS initializes basic hardware then loads the bootloader from disk which loads the OS kernel into memory to take over control of the system.OS-20210426203801.ppt
OS-20210426203801.pptManojKumar409578
油
The document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS). It discusses key functions of an OS including process management, memory management, file management, device management, security and protection, and user interface mechanisms. It also covers the history of OS, from early batch systems to modern distributed, network, and real-time OS. Popular OS types like batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing, multiprocessing, distributed and network OS are explained.
OS full chapter.ppt
OS full chapter.pptKamalishwaranS
油
The document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS) and describes some of their key functions. It discusses what an OS is, popular OS types, and basics of UNIX/Windows. Some key points made include:
- An OS acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware, executing programs and making hardware resources available to users.
- OS functions include process management, memory management, file management, and I/O management like controlling hardware devices.
- When a computer boots up, the BIOS initializes basic hardware then loads the bootloader from disk which loads the OS kernel into memory to take over control of the system.Windows 1Fundaments.ppt
Windows 1Fundaments.pptkarthikvcyber
油
The document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS). It discusses key functions of an OS including process management, memory management, file management, device management, security and protection, and user interface mechanisms. It also covers the history of OS, from early batch systems to modern distributed, network, and real-time OS. Popular OS types like batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing, multiprocessing, distributed and network OS are explained.OS-20210426203801 introduction to os.ppt
OS-20210426203801 introduction to os.pptnaghamallella
油
The document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS) and describes some of their key functions. It discusses what an OS is, popular OS types, and basics of UNIX/Windows. Some key points made include:
- An OS acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware, executing programs and making hardware resources available to users.
- OS functions include process management, memory management, file management, and I/O management like controlling hardware devices.
- When a computer boots up, the BIOS initializes basic hardware then loads the bootloader from disk which loads the OS kernel into memory to take over control of the system.OS-20210426203801.ppt
OS-20210426203801.pptLadyChristianneCalic
油
The document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS) and describes some of their key functions. It discusses what an OS is, popular OS types, and basics of UNIX and Windows. Some of the OS's main functions include:
- Managing processes, memory, files, and input/output (I/O) devices to enable the efficient use of the computer's hardware.
- Providing an interface between the computer user and hardware through abstractions like files and directories.
- Controlling low-level hardware like the CPU, RAM, and devices through components like the kernel, scheduler, and device drivers.Operating system.pptx
Operating system.pptxAshmitKashyap1
油
The document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS). It discusses key topics like what is an OS, its functions, popular OS types, basics of UNIX and Windows, advantages of Linux. It describes the evolution of OS from batch to time-sharing and distributed systems. The key functions of an OS discussed are process management, memory management, file management, device management, security, and user interface. Popular OS types mentioned are batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing, multiprocessing, distributed, network, and real-time OS.Operating system.pptx
Operating system.pptxAshmitKashyap1
油
This document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS). It discusses key topics such as:
- The functions of an OS including process management, memory management, file management, and device/I/O management.
- How an OS acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware.
- Popular OS types like UNIX, Windows, and Linux.
- OS structure including user mode, kernel mode, and the kernel which has control over system resources and processes requests.
- How an OS boots by loading the BIOS/UEFI firmware which finds the bootloader to launch the operating system.operating system1.pdf
operating system1.pdfGanesh198271
油
This document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS). It discusses key topics like what an OS is, its main functions, popular OS types, and basics of UNIX/Windows.
The main functions of an OS are process management, memory management, file management, and I/O (input/output) device management. Process management involves creating, running, and terminating processes. Memory management involves allocating and managing RAM and virtual memory. File management involves file and directory creation/deletion and mapping files to storage. I/O management involves interfacing between the CPU and devices using device drivers and controllers.
When a computer boots up, the BIOS runs initial checks and loads the master boot record from the hard driveIntroduction and fundamentals of Operating System.ppt
Introduction and fundamentals of Operating System.pptminaltmv
油
The document provides an introduction to operating systems. It discusses key topics such as what an operating system is, its main functions, popular types of operating systems, and the history and evolution of operating systems. Specifically, it covers how operating systems manage processes, memory, files, devices, security, and the user interface. It also discusses different types of operating systems including batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing, multiprocessing, distributed, network, and real-time operating systems.Amr Chap 08 Operating Systems & Utility Programs
Amr Chap 08 Operating Systems & Utility Programssharing notes123
油
System software consists of operating systems and utility programs. Operating systems control computer hardware resources and are divided into stand-alone, server, and embedded categories. The boot process starts when a computer powers on, involving the BIOS performing POST to check components, then the operating system loads files and the desktop. Utility programs allow maintenance tasks like file management, uninstalling programs, and backing up files.CSC1100 - Chapter06 - Operating System & Utility Programs
CSC1100 - Chapter06 - Operating System & Utility ProgramsYhal Htet Aung
油
This document provides an overview of operating systems and system software. It defines key terms like operating system, utility programs, and device drivers. It describes the basic functions of an operating system such as booting up a computer, providing a user interface, managing memory and programs, scheduling jobs, and establishing network and internet connections. It also discusses various types of operating systems like stand-alone, network, and embedded operating systems. Finally, it explains the purpose of common utility programs that come with operating systems like file managers, firewalls, disk cleaners, and backup utilities.OS_Intro_Chap_1.ppt
OS_Intro_Chap_1.pptDrAmarNathDhebla
油
The document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS). It discusses key topics like:
- What is an OS and its main functions like executing programs, making hardware usage efficient, and providing a convenient interface for users.
- Popular OS types like UNIX, Windows, and Linux.
- Basic concepts like the structure of computer systems with layered access to resources, and the roles of components like the CPU, RAM, and kernel.
- How an OS manages resources through functions like process management, memory management, file management, and I/O management.
- A brief history of OS development from early single-task batch systems to modern graphical, distributed, and real-time OSes.bios booting process
- 1. Presentation#1 computer architecture and organization Topic: bios,boot,process,program loader and stack
- 2. Group Members Rabia rasheed FA13-BSE-010 Areeba akbar FA13-BSE-014 Ramsha kaif ul sehar FA13-bse-012
- 3. Bios a set of computer instructions in firmware which control input and output operations. It also manages data flow between the computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer. The fundamental purposes of the BIOS are to initialize and test the system hardware components, and to load a boot loader or an operating system from a mass memory device.
- 4. Bios
- 5. Boot To load the first piece of software that starts a computer. A boot loader is a program whose task is to load a bigger program, such as the operating system. When the computer is powered on, it typically does not have an operating system or its loader in random access memory (RAM)
- 6. Types of Booting There are two types of booting 1.Cold booting when the computer is started after having been switched off. 2.Warm booting when the operating system alone is restarted (without being switched off) after a system crash or 'freeze.'
- 7. Boot process There are two boot processes. 1. Boot priority 2. Boot failure 1. Boot priority The boot priority is the order in which these devices are search to find a valid bootable operating system. 2.Boot failure Boot failure means when you lose hard drive of your computer.
- 8. PROCESS
- 9. What is process? Process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed. It contains the program code and its current activity. In UNIX , a process is started when a program is initiated. An application that is being shared by multiple users will generally have one process at some stage of execution for each user.
- 10. Example
- 11. EXAMPLE (1)
- 12. SUBPROCESS Child process A child process in computing is a proces created by another process . Parent process: A parent process is a process that has created one or more child processes. Zombie process: A zombie process is a process that has occurs for child processes where the entry is still needed to allow the parent process to read status once the exit status is read via the wait system call, the zombie's entry is removed from the process table and it is said to be "reaped.
- 13. Example of sub process
- 14. Example(2)
- 15. PROCESS STATE In a multitasking computer system, processes may occupy a variety of states. They are a useful abstraction for the understanding of processes.
- 16. Process states New Ready Runing Waiting Terminated
- 17. EXAMPLE
- 18. Process and Threads Threads are used for small tasks, whereas processes are used for more 'heavyweight' tasks basically the execution of applications.
- 19. Differences Threads Will by default share memory Will share file descriptors Will share filesystem context Processes Will by default not share memory Most file descriptors not shared Don't share filesystem context
- 20. TYPES OF PROCESS Real time process: Process data immediatly. Batch process: Process data automatically. Online process: In this user interact direct with computer
- 27. STACK Stack is a storage structure that stores information in such a way that the last item stored first item retrieved It is based on the principles of LIFO(last-in- first-out)
- 28. Register stack A stack can be organized as collection of finite number of register that are used to store temporary information during the execution of a programm . Stack pointer Stack pointer is a register that hold the address of top of element of the stack
- 29. Memory stack A stack can be implemented in a random access memory (RAM)attached to a CPU The starting memory location of the stack is specified by the processor register as stack pointer