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Branch – PHARMACY
Biostatistics And Research Methodology (BP801T)
DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
By
Dr. MANOJ KUMAR SHARMA
Associate Professor
I.T.S College of Pharmacy, MURADNAGAR
Lecture – 1
Introduction

Contents
• Statistics,
• Biostatistics,
• Frequency distribution

Introduction
 The word statistics conveys a variety of
meaning to people in different walks of life.
 The word statistics comes from the Italian
words Statista
( Statement).

CONT…INTRODUCTION
 The German word Statistik
Political state
 The word Statistics today refers to either
quantitative information or a method of
delaling with quantitative or qualitative
information.

DEFINITION
 “Statistics is defined as collection,
Presentation, analysis and interpretation of
numerical data”.Acc. Croxton & cowden
 Statistics is the sciences and art of dealing with
figure and facts.

WHAT IS STATISTICS?
• Statistics is a field of mathematical
sciences that deals with data.
• The word statistics is used both to
refer to a set of data and to a field of
study.
• It is concerned with making
decisions under uncertainties that
occur when the data are subjected to
variation.

Biostatistics
Biostatistics-a portmanteau word
made from biology and statistics
 Biostatistics is also called
“Biometry”
In Greek, Bios- Life
Metron- Measured
So, it is measurement of life

Biostatistics cont…
Biostatistics is the branch of statistics
applied to biological or medical
sciences.
Biostatistics is the methods used in dealing
with statistics in the field of health
sciences such as biology, medicine,
nursing, public health etc

Biostatistics
It is the science which deals with
development and application of the most
appropriate methods for the:
Collection of data.
Presentation of the collected data.
Analysis and interpretation of the results.
Making decisions on the basis of such
analysis

Frequency Distribution
• It is a statistical method for summarizing
the data.
• A statistical data consist of a list of numbers
related to a research, among those numbers ,
few may be repeated twice and more than
twice.
• The repeating numbers in a data set is
termed as ‘frequency’; that frequencies are
listed in a table is known as ‘frequency
distribution/table’.

Objectives of Frequency Distribution
1-To estimate the frequencies of
the population .
2-To facilitate the analysis of
data.
3-To facilitate computation of
various statistical measures.

Components of Frequency Distribution
1-Class
Groups according to size of data.
2-Class limit
The smallest and largest possible
measurements in each classes.
*lower limit
*upper limit

Cont…..
3. Class mark- It is also known as middle
value.
Class mark = ½(Lower limit+ Upper
limit)
4. Class interval = (Upper limit- Lower
limit)
5. Class Frequency -The number
observations falling in each class.
6. Tally mark-Strokes against each frequency
observed.

x Frequency Tally
Marks
10-20 2 11
20-30 5 1111
30-40 5 1111
40-50 4 1111
Classes Class limit
Lower limit 40
Upper limit 50
Class mark
½(lower +upper)
½(40+50)
0.5*90=45

Frequency distribution types
1.Ungrouped
Frequency distribution These
data’s not arranged in group,
these are individual series and
arranging in ascending order.
Example:
From the following ,make a ungrouped
frequency distribution.
11,12,5,3,11,13,17,13,5,5,11,5

11,12,5,3,11,13,17,13,5,5,11,5
X Frequency Tally
Marks
3 1 1
5 4 1111
11 3 111
12 1 1
13 2 11
17 1 1

Frequency Distribution types cont…
2. Grouped frequency
distribution- It is based on
classes, forming frequency
distribution table.
Example:
From the following data
construct agrouped
frequency distribution.
3,8,5,2,15,16,13,12,10,19,18,11

cont…(3,8,5,2,15,16,13,12,10,19,18,11)
Classes Frequency Tally
0-5 2 11
5-10 2 11
10-15 4 1111
15-20 4 1111

Uses of frequency distribution
 Managing and operating on
frequency tabulated data is much
simpler than operation on raw data.
 There are simple algorithms to
calculate median, mean, standard
deviation etc. from these tables.
 Statistical hypothesis testing is
founded on the assessment of
differences and similarities between
frequency distributions.

Cont….
 Some of the graphs that can be
used with frequency distributions
are histograms, line charts, bar
charts and pie charts.
 Frequency distributions are used
for both qualitative and
quantitative data.

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Biostatistics Lecture 1 8th Sem B.Pharm AKTU

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