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INTRODUCTION
• The Black Death was one
of the most
devastating pandemics in h
uman history, resulting in
the deaths of an
estimated 75 to 200
million people in Eurasia
and peaking in Europe in
the years 1346–1353.
• Black death was called the
plaque, the black plaque or
bubonic plaque.
• plaque is an infectious
disease caused by the
bacterium known

INTRODUCTION
• Plaque was known as black death in middle
ages
• The Black death earned its name because
of the dark patches on the skin caused by
subcutaneous bleeding and It caused the
death of 60% of the population of Europe
during a pandemic.

ORIGIN OF BLACK
DEATH
• Plaque started in china or central Asia.
• Then reached the trade city of Kaffa in
black sea by 1346.
• Black rats carried it onto merchant ships
bound for Italy.
• Spread throughout the Mediterranean

ORIGIN
• The disease then arrived in
western Europe in 1347 and in
England in 1348. It faded away
in the early 1350s.

HOW IT STARTED?
• Towns were dirty places. Waste disposal back in
the Middle Ages was very crude. People would
simply dump their trash out the window onto the
streets. These filthy streets gave rats the perfect
environment to breed.
• Typical bathing and cleanliness was also not
very good. In fact, most people typically only
washed their hands and face.
• Additionally, people tended to sleep on beds of
hay or sheep’s wool and rarely would have been
changed or cleaned. Because of this, people
would often have problems with bedbugs, lice
and fleas.

THE MAIN CULPRITS:
• The bacterium that cause plague is
Yersinia pestis
• Yersinia pestis circulated in animal
reservoirs, particularly in rodents.
• It could be transmitted from one to
another animal through the bite of
an animal or insect (such as a
flea) known as vector.
• The vector is usually the rat flea
known as Oriental rat flea
(Xenopsylla cheopsis)

Types & Transmission of
plague:
• Bubonic plague:
Plague bacteria are
most often
transmitted by the
bite of an infected
flea.
• The germs invade
nearby lymph glands
in the bitten animal
and cause inflamed
lymph node. The

• Pneumonic plague
When the bacteria spread to the lungs, you
have Pneumonic plague. The most lethal form
of the disease.
When someone with pneumonic plague coughs,
the bacteria from their lungs are expelled into
the air. Other people who breathe that air can
also develop this highly contagious form of
plague. Pneumonic plague is the only form of
the plague that can be transmitted from person
to person.• Septicemic Plague:
When the bacteria enter the bloodstream directly
and multiply there, it’s known as septicemic
plague. When they’re left untreated, both bubonic
and pneumonic plague can lead to septicemic

As The Black Death is
categorized into three specific
types of plague:
• Bubonic Plague
• Pneumonic Plague
• Septicemic Plague

Bubonic Plague:
• The classic sign of bubonic plague was the
appearance of buboes in the groin, the neck
and armpits, which oozed black pus and bled.
• The term 'bubonic' refers to the enlarged
lymphatic gland.
• It had a mortality rate of thirty to seventy-five
percent.
• Symptoms including a high fever, headaches,
painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and
a general feeling of discomfort.

Pneumonic Plague:
• Pneumonic plague was the second most
commonly seen form during the Black Death,
with a mortality rate of ninety to ninety-five
percent
• . Symptoms included fever, cough, and blood-
tinged sputum.
• As the disease progressed, your lungs
basically start to liquefy and the sputum
became free flowing and bright red.

Septicemic Plague:
• Septicemic plague was the least common of
the three forms, with a mortality rate close to
one hundred percent.
• Symptoms were high fevers and purple/black
skin patches.
• Your blood would simply not do its job of
bringing oxygen to your body and also would
not clot.
• As a result, your skin started to die and you
tended to bleed uncontrollably all over your
body.

Consequences
Short term results were :
• Cession of war and trade
Long term results were :
• Death
Estimates differ, but most historians
believe that the Black Death killed half
the population.
• Psychological:
Historians have suggested the Black
Death had a huge influence on the way
people thought about life

• Social: poor people began to hate
their poverty and their 'betters‘
• Economic
• Reduction of the amount of land
under cultivation
• ruin of many landowners
• Shortage of workers or labor

Treatment and Cure
• There weren't many treatments. People at the time
didn't know what was causing all of these deaths.
Many people thought it was the heavens punishing
them. Nobody knew where it was coming from, and
nobody knew how to stop it.
• Like many sicknesses and diseases, up until recently,
people thought that if they ‘bled’ the person, they
would drain the person of the sickness. Doctors
would cut holes in the buboes and let the person
bleed.
• Another treatment would be lancing the buboes, as
well as placing warm cloth that would be wet and
soft called a poultice onto the buboes. These would

• In the Elizabethan Era people would
use tobacco to treat the black death.
• Another pretty common treatment
would be the vinegar and water
treatment. This would be where the
infected person would be washed
down in vinegar and rose water to try
to take away the disease.
• A very uncommon treatment that most
people wouldn't normally turn to was
witchcraft. They would put a hen next
to their body to take out the

• We tend to assume that this is not a
present day disease, however we are
mistaken.
• The answer to whether the disease is
with us today is Yes, but very few.
• About 10 to 20 people contract the each
year in the USA. Our main defense
against the disease is hygiene. Our
modern sewage systems and Public
Today’s Scenario

• The plague can currently be found in
every continent in the world with the
exception of Australia, though it is
particularly endemic in third world
countries such as India, Brazil, Peru,
Madagascar, Vietnam and China.
• In the United States, the loci of infection
are in New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado,
California, Oregon and Nevada. There
are approximately 10-15 cases a year in
the rural U.S. and 1-3,000 worldwide.
• The last urban epidemic in the United
States was from 1924-1925 in Los
Angeles; worldwide, a 1994 endemic in
India killed almost 10 million.

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Black death

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