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A BLOCKCHAIN-BASED
HEALTH INFORMATION EXCHANGE
WITH A PATIENT-CENTRIC APPROACH
Team members
1. ………………..
2. …………………
3. …………………..
4. ………………….
Under the guidance of
Dr. ………………
Associate Professor,
Dept of Computer Science and Engineering
1
Phase 0 – Review 0
Final Review

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Abstract 03
2. Introduction 04
3. Literature Survey 05
4. System Design 06
i. Authentication Module 09
ii. Appointments Module 10
iii. Record storage & Retrieval Module 11
iv. Access Management Module 12
v. Pharmacy Module 13
5. Smart Contracts
i. Patient Functions 14
ii. Doctor Functions 16
iii. Pharmacist Functions 18
6. Tech Frameworks Used 19
7. Experimental Results 20
8. Team Contributions 24
9. Co-guide Interactions 25
10. Conclusion and Future Work 26
11. Project Management Tool 28
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ABSTRACT
o Patient health data is very sensitive and digitization of healthcare data
has led to increased concerns regarding patient privacy, data security,
and control over personal health information.
o Healthcare organizations face numerous obstacles, including
unauthorized access to sensitive patient information, data breaches, lack
of transparency in data sharing, and difficulties in achieving regulatory
compliance.
o This project proposes a solution that uses the decentralized and
immutable nature of blockchain technology, integrated with the
distributed storage capabilities of the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS),
to address these challenges effectively.
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INTRODUCTION
Health related data is very sensitive. Access to such critical data must be
limited to the individuals and entities that are directly associated with them,
consequent to request and approval. Unauthorized access to the personal
health data may expose the concerned person or group of people to
potentially life threatening situations.
Blockchain technology has emerged in the last decade and has profoundly
addressed concerns such as availability, distribution, trust, and privacy. This
technology has ignited research in different platforms to implement its
fascinating characteristics. It has circumvented the hurdle of the trust that
undermined the performance of trustless distributed-nature systems by
providing a tamper-proof and time-stamped record keeping properties. In
addition to cryptocurrency, the technology has been adopted in several
sectors such as but not limited to education, energy, governance and
healthcare.
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LITERATURE SURVEY
5
Author Year Blockchain Type Consensus Mechanism Implementation
Performance
Analysis
Liu et. al. [1] 2019 Private Blockchain
Improved delegated proof of
stake ✔ ✔
Jiang et. al. [2] 2018
Two loosely-coupled
Blockchain
Proof of Work (PoW) ✔ ✔
Azaria et. al. [3] 2016 Ethereum based Blockchain Proof of Work (PoW) ✔ ✘
Griggs et. al. [4] 2018 Private Blockchain
Practical Byzantine Fault
Tolerance (PBFT) ✔ ✘
Dagher et. al. [5] 2018
Permissioned Ethereum
Blockchain
QuorumChain Consensus
algorithm ✔ ✔
Han et. al. [6] 2018
Consortium Blockchain and
Fully Private Blockchain as a
Hybrid Blockchain
Proof of Work (PoW) ✘ ✘
Purohit et. al. [7] 2021 Consortium Blockchain
Proof of Authorization
(POA) ✔ ✔
Zhuang et. al. [8] 2018 Private Blockchain Proof of Stake (PoS) ✔ ✘
Buzachis et. al. [9] 2019 Private Blockchain
Clique - Proof-Of-Authority
(PoA) ✔ ✔
Zhang et. al. [10] 2018
Private blockchain and
consortium blockchain
Proof of conformance ✔ ✔

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LITERATURE SURVEY
We surveyed the relevant papers of research on blockchain technology and
how blockchain is being utilized in the sphere of healthcare, we mapped all
of the relevant research into a literature review. Our findings show that
blockchain has generated a lot of interest and attention to be implemented
as a platform to improve the authenticity and transparency of healthcare
data.
We have observed that in majority of the papers surveyed, the patient is not
given enough control over his data. Health providers are effectively free to
access the client’s entire health information. In order to bring back the
balance and control to the hands of the patient, we suggest a patient-centric
approach. Here, the patient can control who can access his data, and to
what extent.
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SYSTEM DESIGN
7
Fig 1 System Diagram

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SYSTEM DESIGN
• Users can register/login themselves
• Several checks are performed to protect the users
Authentication
Module
• Patients can view the various doctors available
• They can then grant/revoke access to doctors to
use their medical data
Access Management
Module
• Doctors can add patient records to blockchain
• Files can be stored on IPFS and blockchain
contains pointers to these files
Record Storage &
Retrieval Module
• Patients can register for appointments by directly
requesting the medical service providers
Appointment Module
• Doctors send the prescriptions of the patients
directly to the pharmacy
• Patients can collect their medicines using their
address
Pharmacy Module
8

1. Authentication Module
9
Fig 2 Authentication Module Sequence Diagram
SYSTEM DESIGN

10
Fig 3 Appointment Module Sequence Diagram
2. Appointment Module
SYSTEM DESIGN

11
Fig 4 Record Storage & Retrieval Sequence Diagram
3. Record Storage & Retrieval Module
SYSTEM DESIGN

12
Fig 5 Access Management Sequence Diagram
4. Access Management Module
SYSTEM DESIGN

13
Fig 6 Pharmacy Module Sequence Diagram
5. Pharmacy Module
SYSTEM DESIGN

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SMART CONTRACTS
Patient Functions
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SMART CONTRACTS
Patient Functions
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SMART CONTRACTS
Doctor Functions
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SMART CONTRACTS
Doctor Functions
17

SMART CONTRACTS
Pharmacist Functions
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CONCLUSION
• This system represents a promising blockchain-based health solution
designed to address the challenges faced by existing systems.
• By leveraging the advantages of blockchain technology and smart
contracts, proposed system offers a secure, reliable, and decentralized
system for managing health-related information.
• The proposed system provides a complete solution for all the processes
involved in the healthcare service from making an appointment to
dispensing of medicines.
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FUTURE WORK
• A separate application can be built for Admin for managing doctors and
pharmacists.
• Granular access to medical records can be provided. This will allow
patients to manage who will have access to individual records of patient.
• Pharmacy module can further be developed to manage availability of
medicines.
• Further, lab technicians can also be added into the system that will allow
them in adding the reports or scan results of patients directly.
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REFERENCES
[1] X. Liu, Z. Wang, C. Jin, F. Li and G. Li, "A Blockchain-Based Medical Data
Sharing and Protection Scheme," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 118943-118953, 2019,
doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2937685.
[2] S. Jiang, J. Cao, H. Wu, Y. Yang, M. Ma and J. He, "BlocHIE: A BLOCkchain-
Based Platform for Healthcare Information Exchange," 2018 IEEE International
Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP), 2018, pp. 49-56, doi:
10.1109/SMARTCOMP.2018.00073.
[3] A. Azaria, A. Ekblaw, T. Vieira and A. Lippman, "MedRec: Using Blockchain for
Medical Data Access and Permission Management," 2016 2nd International
Conference on Open and Big Data (OBD), 2016, pp. 25-30, doi:
10.1109/OBD.2016.11.
21

REFERENCES
[4] Griggs, K.N., Ossipova, O., Kohlios, C.P. et al. Healthcare Blockchain System
Using Smart Contracts for Secure Automated Remote Patient Monitoring. J Med
Syst 42, 130 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-018-0982-x
[5] Gaby G. Dagher, Jordan Mohler, Matea Milojkovic, Praneeth Babu Marella,
Ancile: Privacy-preserving framework for access control and interoperability of
electronic health records using blockchain technology, Sustainable Cities and
Society, Volume 39, 2018, Pages 283-297, ISSN 2210-6707,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.02.014
[6] Han, H., Huang, M., Zhang, Y., Bhatti, U.A. (2018). An Architecture of Secure
Health Information Storage System Based on Blockchain Technology. In: Sun, X.,
Pan, Z., Bertino, E. (eds) Cloud Computing and Security. ICCCS 2018. Lecture
Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11064. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00009-7_52
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REFERENCES
[7] Purohit, S., Calyam, P., Alarcon, M.L. et al. HonestChain: Consortium
blockchain for protected data sharing in health information systems. Peer-to-Peer
Netw. Appl. 14, 3012–3028 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01153-y
[8] Zhuang Y, Sheets L, Shae Z, Tsai JJP, Shyu CR. Applying Blockchain
Technology for Health Information Exchange and Persistent Monitoring for
Clinical Trials. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2018 Dec 5;2018:1167-1175. PMID:
30815159; PMCID: PMC6371378.
[9] A. Buzachis, A. Celesti, M. Fazio and M. Villari, "On the Design of a
Blockchain-as-a-Service-Based Health Information Exchange (BaaSHIE) System
for Patient Monitoring," 2019 IEEE Symposium on Computers and
Communications (ISCC), 2019, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ISCC47284.2019.8969718.
[10] Zhang, A., Lin, X. Towards Secure and Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing in e-
Health Systems via Consortium Blockchain. J Med Syst 42, 140 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-018-0995-5
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