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Editor's Notes

1. Brainstem the central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull responsible for automatic survival functions Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing Brainstem, controls for heartbeat and breathing—swell is called the medulla. Vital Functions : Breathing Blood circulation Swallowing Urination
2. Reticular formation The brainstem also contains networks of neurons, known collectively as the reticular formation, that project up into the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia and affect general arousal. The reticular formation is also involved in inducing and terminating the different stages of sleep. The autonomy of the brain stem can be dramatically illustrated by severing an animal’s brain stem from the entire brain above it, including its entire cerebral cortex. Cats that receive this treatment can still walk around and direct attacks at noises; if they then find themselves holding on to food, they will eat it. Some cases have been reported of humans born without cerebral cortices, and their behaviors are extremely basic and reflexive. Such infants tend not to develop normally and also do not tend to survive
3. the “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem, cerebellum actually means little brain. Also helps involved in nonverbal learning and memory (will discuss in later chapters), if you injured your cerebellum you would have difficulty walking, keeping your balance, shaking hands. Note: these lower brain functions occur without any conscious effort.
4. The limbic system is an older term for a group of subcortical structures dealing with basic drives, emotions and memory The diencefpahlon (or between brain) the hypothalamus and thalamus The hippocampus and amygdala The basal ganglia The dreebral cortex
5. Researchers began to find evidence that the amygdala was involved in the emotion of fear in the late 1930s. Monkeys with damage to the brain cluster and surrounding areas had a dramatic drop of fearfulness. Later, studies showed that rats with targeted amygdala damage would snuggle up to cats. But if you electrically stimulate the amygdala in a normally placid domestic animal such as a cat, the cat prepares to attach by hissing, arching its back, pupils dilate, and its hair stands up on end. Accumulating revelations about this fear system led researchers recently to examine the human brain's response to fear with imaging studies. One study showed that pictures of frightening faces initiate a quick rise and fall of activity in the amygdala. In the future, scientists believe imaging techniques may help determine the course of treatment for disorders involving a malfunction in fear processing. For example, a person with an extreme fear of germs who continuously washes, known as an obsessive-compulsive disorder,
6. Thalamus- located on top of the brainstem, a joined pair of egg-shaped structures, Receives sensory info, routes it to higher brain regions that deal with seeing, tasting, touching etc. directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
7. the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres
8. Figure 4.14 page 110 The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres: parietal, occipital, temporal, and frontal.
9. Figure 4.14 page 110 The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres: parietal, occipital, temporal, and frontal.
10. The cerebral cortex is organized or divided into 4 regions or lobes. frontal lobe- behind your forehead, executive functions. -parietal lobe- at the top and to the rear of the head