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Blood transfusion

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AJAZ KHAN

This document discusses blood transfusion, including its definition, components transfused, indications, requirements for donors and recipients, potential complications, procedures, and nursing responsibilities. Blood transfusion involves transferring whole blood or components like red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma from a donor to a recipient. It is done to replace blood lost through bleeding and treat conditions like anemia. Strict protocols must be followed to safely perform a transfusion and monitor the patient.

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AJAZ AHMAD KHAN BSC OTT 3RD YEAR ROLL NO.1431435002
It is the transfusion of whole blood or its components such as blood cells (RBCs WBCs) and plasma from one person(donor) to another person(recipient). Transfusion is done as a life saving procedure to replace blood or blood products lost through bleeding.
White blood-contains RBC & plasma components (400 ml/bag). Packed red blood cells-RBCs in concentrated form (180- 230ml/bag. Platelets-40-50 ml/bag. Fresh frozen plasma-150-200 ml/bag. Plasma protein fraction Human serum albumin Cryoprecipitate-prepared from fresh frozen plasma & contains factor viii.
To restore the blood volume when there is certain loss of blood due to hemorrhage , trauma or burns. To increase the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin level in case of severe anemia. To provide antibiotics to severely ill patients. To correct or treat deficiency of blood products. To prevent infection in such patients who have leukopenia.
Donor must be healthy, without any diseases like Syphilis, Hepatitis, AIDS, Cancer etc. Only compatible blood must be transfused. Both matching and cross matching must be done. Rh compatibility must be confirmed. Blood should be fresh. Apparatus for transfusion must be sterile. Temperature of blood to be transfused must be same as the body temperature. Transfusion of blood must be slow. The sudden rapid infusion of blood into the body increases the load on heart, resulting in many complications.
Reactions due to ABO incompatibility:-in mismatched transfusion blood is not matching, clumps of blood are formed which block the blood capillaries. Reactions due to massive blood transfusion:- transfusion of blood equivalent or more than patients own blood leads to: Circulatory shock particularly in patients suffering from chronic anemia, cardiac diseases or renal diseases. Hyperkalemia due to increased potassium concentration in stored blood. Hypokalemia leading to Tetany due to massive transfusion of citrated blood. Hemosiderosis due to iron overload after repeated transfusions.
Reactions due to faulty techniques:- Thrombophlebitis-inflammation of vein associated with formation of thrombus. Air Embolism-obstruction of blood vessel due to entrance of air into the blood stream. Transmission of infections-Blood transfusion without precaution leads to transmission of blood borne infections such as HIV, Hepatitis A&B, infectious mononucleosis and Herpes. Allergic reactions can also occur.
Antiseptic painting and cannula insertion. Preparation of articles to the bedside. Labeling of blood transfusion and details in file or record. Vital signs should be stable.
Sterile tray containing a 5cc/10cc syringe. IV cannula, Spirit swabs, Spirit. Sterile gloves. BT set with a line filter. Leucoplast, Arm board. Blood bag, Tourniquet. IV stand, Torch light. Normal saline Mackintosh Kidney-tray, bandages Some types of anti allergic drugs. Resuscitation articles.
Explain the procedure to the patient and his/her relatives to get cooperation. Make the patient comfortable. Take the equipment's to the bedside. Connect the BT set to the pouch or bottle and allow to run the blood through out the tube till the tip and there must be a filter. Start the flow rate (slow till first half an hour) Observe the patient showing any discomfort or allergy. If any abnormality occurs in between immediately stop the transfusion.
Dont add any medications to the blood or through same intravenous needle. Adjust the rate of flow 5-10 drops/min during first half an hour and then 20 drops/min in the subsequent time. Avoid shaking. For elderly patients 4-8 drops/min. If the patient goes into shock or allergy, administer inj. Hydrocortisone sodium succinate to reverse the condition and continuously assess the vital signs.

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Blood transfusion

  • 1. AJAZ AHMAD KHAN BSC OTT 3RD YEAR ROLL NO.1431435002
  • 2. It is the transfusion of whole blood or its components such as blood cells (RBCs WBCs) and plasma from one person(donor) to another person(recipient). Transfusion is done as a life saving procedure to replace blood or blood products lost through bleeding.
  • 3. White blood-contains RBC & plasma components (400 ml/bag). Packed red blood cells-RBCs in concentrated form (180- 230ml/bag. Platelets-40-50 ml/bag. Fresh frozen plasma-150-200 ml/bag. Plasma protein fraction Human serum albumin Cryoprecipitate-prepared from fresh frozen plasma & contains factor viii.
  • 4. To restore the blood volume when there is certain loss of blood due to hemorrhage , trauma or burns. To increase the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin level in case of severe anemia. To provide antibiotics to severely ill patients. To correct or treat deficiency of blood products. To prevent infection in such patients who have leukopenia.
  • 5. Donor must be healthy, without any diseases like Syphilis, Hepatitis, AIDS, Cancer etc. Only compatible blood must be transfused. Both matching and cross matching must be done. Rh compatibility must be confirmed. Blood should be fresh. Apparatus for transfusion must be sterile. Temperature of blood to be transfused must be same as the body temperature. Transfusion of blood must be slow. The sudden rapid infusion of blood into the body increases the load on heart, resulting in many complications.
  • 6. Reactions due to ABO incompatibility:-in mismatched transfusion blood is not matching, clumps of blood are formed which block the blood capillaries. Reactions due to massive blood transfusion:- transfusion of blood equivalent or more than patients own blood leads to: Circulatory shock particularly in patients suffering from chronic anemia, cardiac diseases or renal diseases. Hyperkalemia due to increased potassium concentration in stored blood. Hypokalemia leading to Tetany due to massive transfusion of citrated blood. Hemosiderosis due to iron overload after repeated transfusions.
  • 7. Reactions due to faulty techniques:- Thrombophlebitis-inflammation of vein associated with formation of thrombus. Air Embolism-obstruction of blood vessel due to entrance of air into the blood stream. Transmission of infections-Blood transfusion without precaution leads to transmission of blood borne infections such as HIV, Hepatitis A&B, infectious mononucleosis and Herpes. Allergic reactions can also occur.
  • 8. Antiseptic painting and cannula insertion. Preparation of articles to the bedside. Labeling of blood transfusion and details in file or record. Vital signs should be stable.
  • 9. Sterile tray containing a 5cc/10cc syringe. IV cannula, Spirit swabs, Spirit. Sterile gloves. BT set with a line filter. Leucoplast, Arm board. Blood bag, Tourniquet. IV stand, Torch light. Normal saline Mackintosh Kidney-tray, bandages Some types of anti allergic drugs. Resuscitation articles.
  • 10. Explain the procedure to the patient and his/her relatives to get cooperation. Make the patient comfortable. Take the equipment's to the bedside. Connect the BT set to the pouch or bottle and allow to run the blood through out the tube till the tip and there must be a filter. Start the flow rate (slow till first half an hour) Observe the patient showing any discomfort or allergy. If any abnormality occurs in between immediately stop the transfusion.
  • 11. Dont add any medications to the blood or through same intravenous needle. Adjust the rate of flow 5-10 drops/min during first half an hour and then 20 drops/min in the subsequent time. Avoid shaking. For elderly patients 4-8 drops/min. If the patient goes into shock or allergy, administer inj. Hydrocortisone sodium succinate to reverse the condition and continuously assess the vital signs.