Boiler Draught
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This document discusses boiler draught, which refers to the pressure difference needed to move air and flue gases through a boiler. It describes three types of draught: natural draught created by chimney effect; forced draught using a fan at the boiler's base; and induced draught using a fan at the chimney top. Balanced draught, a combination of forced and induced, helps overcome issues like blowback when opening furnace doors. Artificial draught provides better control and efficiency than natural draught. Losses occur due to friction in moving air and gases through the boiler system.
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Is it possible to have a negative absolute pressure?
No, absolute pressure is measured with reference to a perfect vacuum so it is impossible for it to go negative. You can only measure negative pressure between two different pressures. For example if you allow atmospheric air to gradually flow into a vacuum vessel and measure pressure inside relative to outside it will show a negative pressure reading.
What type of problems do you face in steam turbines related to vacuum?
Problems such as:
· Low vacuum
· High exhaust pressure
· High exhaust temperature
· Higher specific steam consumption
· More cooling water circulation
· Hot well level variation
How do you create vacuum in steam condensers?
Vacuum is created in condenser by steam jet ejectors, where high pressure 8–12 kg/cm2 steam is passed through nozzle which is connected to air line from condenser. This creates high negative pressure there by evacuating air from condenser.
Generally there are Two Types of Ejectors:
Hogger Ejector: Initially this ejector is used for pulling vacuum. It has steam and air lines connections, steam is vented directly into atmosphere. It consumes more steam than main ejectors. It requires 20–30 minutes to create 85% of operating vacuum.
Main Ejector: It comes with first stage and second stage. Air line from surface condenser is given to 1st stage then again air from 1st stage is collected and discharged into 2nd stage. 2nd stage ejector has air vent line.
It consumes less steam than hogger ejector. Generally an ejector come with 1W + 1S i.e. one working and one stand by.
Also vacuum pumps called liquid ring vacuum pumps are used to create vacuum in condensers. Which consume less energy than steam jet air ejector
How does low vacuum affect on turbine speed?
Lower vacuum creates back pressure on turbine blades and rotors. So in emergency, vacuum breaker valve is opened to bring down the turbine speed to zero in minimum time to avoid any further damages.
What is the effect of low vacuum & high exhaust pressure on steam turbine performance?
Low vacuum or high exhaust pressure & high exhaust temperatures lead to more steam consumption to generate unit power.
What are the potential reasons for lower vacuum in steam condenser?
· More condenser load than design
· Lesser amount of cooling water circulation in condenser
· Higher atmosphere temperature
· Location of the steam condenser at higher elevations.
· More exhaust temperature
· Air leakages in the system
· Lesser efficiency of steam ejector or vacuum pump
· Ejector inter condense (1st stage) condensate seal break
· Lesser pressure & temperature of motive steam at ejector inlet
· Worn out ejector nozzles
· Improper quality of motive steam
· Variation in condenser inlet & outlet cooling water temperatures
· Operation of Turbine at lower load
· Lower gland seal steam pressure
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- 1. BOILER DRAUGHT By- Umesh Ghuge 64 (11920115) Ahmed Shah 69 (11920152)
- 2. BOILER DRAUGHT To move the air through the fuel bed and to produce a flow of hot gases through the boiler, economizer, preheater and chimney require a difference of pressure. The difference of pressure for maintaining the constant flow of air and discharging the gases through the chimney to atmosphere is known as
- 3. TYPES OF DRAUGHT Natural Draught Artificial Draught •Forced •Induced •Balanced
- 4. NATURAL DRAUGHT The Draught required is created by Chimney It does not require any external power for producing the draught.
- 5. LIMITATION S OF NATURAL DRAUGHT The maximum pressure is limited to 15 – 20 mm of water (196 N/m sq.) under normal atmospheric temp. The draught decreases with increase in outside air temperature. Combustion is very poor.
- 6. ARTIFICIAL DRAUGHT Natural Draught provides insufficient head and lack of flexibility hence Artificial Draught is used. The requirement of draught in actual power plant is high (300 mm of water) and to meet high draught requirements, some other system must be used.
- 7. FORCED DRAUGHT In a forced draught system, a blower is installed near the base of the boiler and air is forced to pass through the furnace, flues, economizer, air- preheater and to the chimney. The chimney is only used to discharge gases high in the atmosphere to prevent the contamination.
- 8. INDUCED DRAUGHT The blower is located near the base of the chimney The air is sucked in the system by reducing the pressure through the system below atmosphere pressure. The induced draught fan sucks the burned gases from the furnace and the pressure inside the furnace is reduced below atmosphere and induces the atmospheric air to flow through the furnace. The draught produced is independent of the temperature of the hot gases.
- 9. DISADVANT AGES OF FORCED AND INDUCED In the forced draught the furnace cannot be opened either for firing or inspection because of high-pressure air inside the furnace which will try to blow out suddenly and there is every chance of blowing out the fire completely and furnace stops. In the induced draught the furnace cannot be opened either for firing or inspection because the cold air will try to rush into the furnace as the pressure inside the furnace is below atmospheric pressure.
- 10. BALANCED DRAUGHT To overcome drawbacks a balanced draught is used, which is a combination of forced and induced draught. The forced draught overcomes the resistance of the fuel bed therefore sufficient air is supplied for proper and complete combustion. The induced draught maintains pressure in the furnace just below atmosphere. This helps to prevent the blow-off when the doors are opened as the leakage of air is inwards.
- 11. BENEFITS OF ARTIFICIAL DRAUGHT It is better in control and more economical than natural draught. The rate of combustion is high. The air flow can be regulated according to the requirement. It prevents the formation of smoke as complete combustion is possible
- 12. LOSSES IN BOILER DRAUGHT Frictional resistance offered to the flow of flue gases. Bends in gas flow, offer flow resistance. Loss due to friction head in grate, economizer, super heater etc. Loss due to flow resistance offered by chimney.