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Battery Charge Regulator for a photovoltaic Battery Charge Regulator for a photovoltaic power system using microcontroller power system using microcontroller By By : : Raed Wael Ennab & Raja Saed Anabtawi Raed Wael Ennab & Raja Saed Anabtawi Supervised by : Prof. Marwan Mahmoud
Introduction Introduction Since the beginning of the oil crises, which remarkably Since the beginning of the oil crises, which remarkably influenced power development programs all over the world, influenced power development programs all over the world, massive technological and research efforts are being massive technological and research efforts are being concentrated in the field of renewable energy resources. concentrated in the field of renewable energy resources. In the solar sector for electricity generation, greater In the solar sector for electricity generation, greater attention is being given to photovoltaic conversion. attention is being given to photovoltaic conversion.
Features Features 1- Charge any rechargeable battery 12V, 24V. 1- Charge any rechargeable battery 12V, 24V. 2- Supply any low dc load. 2- Supply any low dc load. 3- Solar-powered. 3- Solar-powered. 4- Displays charging status. 4- Displays charging status. 5- Polarity checking. 5- Polarity checking. 6- Current Limiting. 6- Current Limiting.
Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages and Disadvantages : : The advantages are The advantages are : : 1 1 - - Renewable resource Renewable resource . . 2 2 - - Silent Silent . . 3 3 - - Non-polluting Non-polluting . . 4 4 - - Little maintenance Little maintenance . . 5 5 - - easy to install easy to install . . 6 6 - - Reliability Reliability . . And the disadvantages are And the disadvantages are : : 1 1 - - Very expensive. 2- No work at night Very expensive. 2- No work at night . .
Block Diagram Block Diagram Solar Panel Regulator Lead Acid battery PIC Load
Photovoltaic cells : In our design, the solar panels will function as a power supply to our circuit. It will convert the sun radiation to voltage and current. types of photovoltaic cells : 1 - mono-crystal silicon . 2 - Polycrystal silicon . 3 - Amorphous silicon (thin film silicon) . Regulator Battery Solar Panel PIC Load
efficiency Material Material level of efficiency in % level of efficiency in % production production Mono crystalline silicon Mono crystalline silicon 14-17 14-17 Polycrystalline silicon Polycrystalline silicon 13-15 13-15 Amorphous silicon Amorphous silicon 5-7 5-7
number of cells The output voltage of a module depends on the number of cells connected in series. The module we used was 25 cell connected in series.
solar cell I-V characteristics
A Typical Current-Voltage A Typical Current-Voltage Curve for a Module at (85)c and Curve for a Module at (85)c and (25) (25) A Typical Current-Voltage Curve for a Module at (1000)W/m^2 & (500)W/m^2
Photovoltaic Arrays Photovoltaic Arrays : : Series connection Parallel connection
Charge Regulator : The solar charge regulator main task is to charge the battery and to protect it from overcharging and deep discharging. Deep discharging could also damage the battery . Kind of charge regulators : 1 - Simplest switch on/off regulators . 2 - PWM ( Pulse Width Modulation) . 3 - MPPT charge regulator (Maximum Power Point Tracking) . Regulator
1 1 - - We are going to work on six-cell lead-acid batteries We are going to work on six-cell lead-acid batteries . . 2 2 - - Voltage/cell 1.75-2.4 V Voltage/cell 1.75-2.4 V . . 3 3 - - Battery charge Battery charge . . 4 4 - - Battery efficiency Battery efficiency . . 5 5 - - Minimum Voltage Minimum Voltage . . Lead acid Battery Regulator Solar panel PIC Load Lead Acid Battery
Lead acid battery Lead acid battery In our project, the circuit we built has two leds; red one In our project, the circuit we built has two leds; red one and green one. and green one.
Circuitry
circuitry + S - S
Circuitry Circuitry when the voltage is lower than 14.4 V the comparator (IC3) when the voltage is lower than 14.4 V the comparator (IC3) allows a high negative output signal to switch on the PNP allows a high negative output signal to switch on the PNP transistor (Q1) transistor (Q1). During charging, the battery voltage increase until it reaches the 14.4 V value. At this voltage, the transistor (Q1) will be switched off. N1 and N2 from the IC4001 are utilized as pulse oscillators for the purpose of testing. In this short period, transistor Q2 will be switched on, and a current will flow from the emitter to the collector of Q2.
Then the comparator (IC2) compares the battery voltage Then the comparator (IC2) compares the battery voltage with the open-circuit voltage of the solar generator with the open-circuit voltage of the solar generator. The main objective of using the pulse generator is to control the voltage of both the solar generator and the battery continuously. The objective of the comparator (IC5) is to control the battery voltage during the discharging mode
two MOSFET transistors were two MOSFET transistors were utilized instead of one utilized instead of one - - To make the prevention of the battery discharging via To make the prevention of the battery discharging via the solar generator as strong as possible the solar generator as strong as possible . . - - The temperature of the two transistors, due to the The temperature of the two transistors, due to the voltage drop across them, is divided equally between voltage drop across them, is divided equally between them them . . - - Increasing the reliability of the controller since one Increasing the reliability of the controller since one transistor can perform the task of the other in case of transistor can perform the task of the other in case of its failure its failure . . - - This arrangement protects the controller from failure This arrangement protects the controller from failure whether it is connected to the solar generator first or whether it is connected to the solar generator first or to battery to battery . .
Features of The Locally developed Features of The Locally developed Battery Control Unit (BCU) Battery Control Unit (BCU) - - Protects battery against overcharging: the unit controls the Protects battery against overcharging: the unit controls the charging current via a regulated impulse, thus preventing charging current via a regulated impulse, thus preventing harmful overcharging harmful overcharging . . - - Protect the battery against deep discharging: the unit Protect the battery against deep discharging: the unit controls battery discharge by means of bistable load relay controls battery discharge by means of bistable load relay . . - - - If the battery charge drops bellow a predetermined If the battery charge drops bellow a predetermined voltage threshold, the relay automatically disconnects the voltage threshold, the relay automatically disconnects the load, this is indicated by a red light- emitting diode (LED) load, this is indicated by a red light- emitting diode (LED) . . - - The unit is protected against battery reverse polarity via a The unit is protected against battery reverse polarity via a diode (D4) diode (D4) . .
PIC PIC
Flow chart Flow chart Read the battery Voltage Read the voltage fro the regulator Out to the battery from the regulator Out to the load from the Regulator
Here we used the DAC to convert the digital output from Here we used the DAC to convert the digital output from the PIC to Analog. the PIC to Analog.
Results Results
Results Results I-V Characteristic At G=950 w/m2 Resistance (ohm) Current (mA) Voltage ( V ) 0 401.7 0 10 384 1.92 20 379.2 3.85 30 370.1 5.12 40 365 6.02 50 360.3 6.9 60 353.5 7.5 70 352.2 8.61 80 351.4 10.4 90 350.8 11.3 100 305 15.4 >> 0 19.1
Results Results Fill factor and efficiency Fill factor and efficiency : : The Imp = 350 m A and the Vmp =15 volt The Imp = 350 m A and the Vmp =15 volt So the max power point = 15*.350= 5.25 watt So the max power point = 15*.350= 5.25 watt . . The fill Factor The fill Factor : : FF= (Imp*Vmp)/ (Is.c*Vo.c) FF= (Imp*Vmp)/ (Is.c*Vo.c) ( = ( = 15 15 * * 0.350 0.350 ( /) ( /) 19 19 .* .* 4 4 = ) = ) 70% 70% The efficiency The efficiency : : Eff= P.opt/ A.Ee Eff= P.opt/ A.Ee Eff=5.25/ 0.3*0.3*950 =6.1% Eff=5.25/ 0.3*0.3*950 =6.1% All calculations are at G=950 w/m2
The results we got were: The results we got were: Vpv (V) Ipv (mA) Vbatt (V) Ibatt (mA) 17.1 328 12.6 323 14.9 302 12.9 296 14.1 298 13.01 289.6 13.46 275 13.27 270
Problems we have faced Problems we have faced : : 1 1 - - The output voltage was about 15 volts, and the PIC The output voltage was about 15 volts, and the PIC accept only 5 V maximum accept only 5 V maximum . . 2 2 - - The radiation from the sun was different from day to The radiation from the sun was different from day to another another . . 3 3 - - The wires we used first were the thin wires so when the The wires we used first were the thin wires so when the current passed these wires got hotter current passed these wires got hotter . .
The applications for our The applications for our project project
Conclusion and Conclusion and Recommendation Recommendation : : -From the technical and economical viewpoints, it can be said -From the technical and economical viewpoints, it can be said that the PV technology has attained an acceptable that the PV technology has attained an acceptable degree of operational efficiency and reliability degree of operational efficiency and reliability. -Module degradation seemed to be a problem in amorphous PV technology. -The tested amorphous PV module showed power degradation between 16.4% and 39% at the end of the first year testing period. -if we have more time we could program the PIC with a program that can drive a stepper motor and rotate it as the max radiation from sun and that by using photo sensors.
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brahmipres._fin.pptpresentationnnnnnnnnn

  • 1. Battery Charge Regulator for a photovoltaic Battery Charge Regulator for a photovoltaic power system using microcontroller power system using microcontroller By By : : Raed Wael Ennab & Raja Saed Anabtawi Raed Wael Ennab & Raja Saed Anabtawi Supervised by : Prof. Marwan Mahmoud
  • 2. Introduction Introduction Since the beginning of the oil crises, which remarkably Since the beginning of the oil crises, which remarkably influenced power development programs all over the world, influenced power development programs all over the world, massive technological and research efforts are being massive technological and research efforts are being concentrated in the field of renewable energy resources. concentrated in the field of renewable energy resources. In the solar sector for electricity generation, greater In the solar sector for electricity generation, greater attention is being given to photovoltaic conversion. attention is being given to photovoltaic conversion.
  • 3. Features Features 1- Charge any rechargeable battery 12V, 24V. 1- Charge any rechargeable battery 12V, 24V. 2- Supply any low dc load. 2- Supply any low dc load. 3- Solar-powered. 3- Solar-powered. 4- Displays charging status. 4- Displays charging status. 5- Polarity checking. 5- Polarity checking. 6- Current Limiting. 6- Current Limiting.
  • 4. Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages and Disadvantages : : The advantages are The advantages are : : 1 1 - - Renewable resource Renewable resource . . 2 2 - - Silent Silent . . 3 3 - - Non-polluting Non-polluting . . 4 4 - - Little maintenance Little maintenance . . 5 5 - - easy to install easy to install . . 6 6 - - Reliability Reliability . . And the disadvantages are And the disadvantages are : : 1 1 - - Very expensive. 2- No work at night Very expensive. 2- No work at night . .
  • 5. Block Diagram Block Diagram Solar Panel Regulator Lead Acid battery PIC Load
  • 6. Photovoltaic cells : In our design, the solar panels will function as a power supply to our circuit. It will convert the sun radiation to voltage and current. types of photovoltaic cells : 1 - mono-crystal silicon . 2 - Polycrystal silicon . 3 - Amorphous silicon (thin film silicon) . Regulator Battery Solar Panel PIC Load
  • 7. efficiency Material Material level of efficiency in % level of efficiency in % production production Mono crystalline silicon Mono crystalline silicon 14-17 14-17 Polycrystalline silicon Polycrystalline silicon 13-15 13-15 Amorphous silicon Amorphous silicon 5-7 5-7
  • 8. number of cells The output voltage of a module depends on the number of cells connected in series. The module we used was 25 cell connected in series.
  • 10. A Typical Current-Voltage A Typical Current-Voltage Curve for a Module at (85)c and Curve for a Module at (85)c and (25) (25) A Typical Current-Voltage Curve for a Module at (1000)W/m^2 & (500)W/m^2
  • 11. Photovoltaic Arrays Photovoltaic Arrays : : Series connection Parallel connection
  • 12. Charge Regulator : The solar charge regulator main task is to charge the battery and to protect it from overcharging and deep discharging. Deep discharging could also damage the battery . Kind of charge regulators : 1 - Simplest switch on/off regulators . 2 - PWM ( Pulse Width Modulation) . 3 - MPPT charge regulator (Maximum Power Point Tracking) . Regulator
  • 13. 1 1 - - We are going to work on six-cell lead-acid batteries We are going to work on six-cell lead-acid batteries . . 2 2 - - Voltage/cell 1.75-2.4 V Voltage/cell 1.75-2.4 V . . 3 3 - - Battery charge Battery charge . . 4 4 - - Battery efficiency Battery efficiency . . 5 5 - - Minimum Voltage Minimum Voltage . . Lead acid Battery Regulator Solar panel PIC Load Lead Acid Battery
  • 14. Lead acid battery Lead acid battery In our project, the circuit we built has two leds; red one In our project, the circuit we built has two leds; red one and green one. and green one.
  • 17. Circuitry Circuitry when the voltage is lower than 14.4 V the comparator (IC3) when the voltage is lower than 14.4 V the comparator (IC3) allows a high negative output signal to switch on the PNP allows a high negative output signal to switch on the PNP transistor (Q1) transistor (Q1). During charging, the battery voltage increase until it reaches the 14.4 V value. At this voltage, the transistor (Q1) will be switched off. N1 and N2 from the IC4001 are utilized as pulse oscillators for the purpose of testing. In this short period, transistor Q2 will be switched on, and a current will flow from the emitter to the collector of Q2.
  • 18. Then the comparator (IC2) compares the battery voltage Then the comparator (IC2) compares the battery voltage with the open-circuit voltage of the solar generator with the open-circuit voltage of the solar generator. The main objective of using the pulse generator is to control the voltage of both the solar generator and the battery continuously. The objective of the comparator (IC5) is to control the battery voltage during the discharging mode
  • 19. two MOSFET transistors were two MOSFET transistors were utilized instead of one utilized instead of one - - To make the prevention of the battery discharging via To make the prevention of the battery discharging via the solar generator as strong as possible the solar generator as strong as possible . . - - The temperature of the two transistors, due to the The temperature of the two transistors, due to the voltage drop across them, is divided equally between voltage drop across them, is divided equally between them them . . - - Increasing the reliability of the controller since one Increasing the reliability of the controller since one transistor can perform the task of the other in case of transistor can perform the task of the other in case of its failure its failure . . - - This arrangement protects the controller from failure This arrangement protects the controller from failure whether it is connected to the solar generator first or whether it is connected to the solar generator first or to battery to battery . .
  • 20. Features of The Locally developed Features of The Locally developed Battery Control Unit (BCU) Battery Control Unit (BCU) - - Protects battery against overcharging: the unit controls the Protects battery against overcharging: the unit controls the charging current via a regulated impulse, thus preventing charging current via a regulated impulse, thus preventing harmful overcharging harmful overcharging . . - - Protect the battery against deep discharging: the unit Protect the battery against deep discharging: the unit controls battery discharge by means of bistable load relay controls battery discharge by means of bistable load relay . . - - - If the battery charge drops bellow a predetermined If the battery charge drops bellow a predetermined voltage threshold, the relay automatically disconnects the voltage threshold, the relay automatically disconnects the load, this is indicated by a red light- emitting diode (LED) load, this is indicated by a red light- emitting diode (LED) . . - - The unit is protected against battery reverse polarity via a The unit is protected against battery reverse polarity via a diode (D4) diode (D4) . .
  • 22. Flow chart Flow chart Read the battery Voltage Read the voltage fro the regulator Out to the battery from the regulator Out to the load from the Regulator
  • 23. Here we used the DAC to convert the digital output from Here we used the DAC to convert the digital output from the PIC to Analog. the PIC to Analog.
  • 25. Results Results I-V Characteristic At G=950 w/m2 Resistance (ohm) Current (mA) Voltage ( V ) 0 401.7 0 10 384 1.92 20 379.2 3.85 30 370.1 5.12 40 365 6.02 50 360.3 6.9 60 353.5 7.5 70 352.2 8.61 80 351.4 10.4 90 350.8 11.3 100 305 15.4 >> 0 19.1
  • 26. Results Results Fill factor and efficiency Fill factor and efficiency : : The Imp = 350 m A and the Vmp =15 volt The Imp = 350 m A and the Vmp =15 volt So the max power point = 15*.350= 5.25 watt So the max power point = 15*.350= 5.25 watt . . The fill Factor The fill Factor : : FF= (Imp*Vmp)/ (Is.c*Vo.c) FF= (Imp*Vmp)/ (Is.c*Vo.c) ( = ( = 15 15 * * 0.350 0.350 ( /) ( /) 19 19 .* .* 4 4 = ) = ) 70% 70% The efficiency The efficiency : : Eff= P.opt/ A.Ee Eff= P.opt/ A.Ee Eff=5.25/ 0.3*0.3*950 =6.1% Eff=5.25/ 0.3*0.3*950 =6.1% All calculations are at G=950 w/m2
  • 27. The results we got were: The results we got were: Vpv (V) Ipv (mA) Vbatt (V) Ibatt (mA) 17.1 328 12.6 323 14.9 302 12.9 296 14.1 298 13.01 289.6 13.46 275 13.27 270
  • 28. Problems we have faced Problems we have faced : : 1 1 - - The output voltage was about 15 volts, and the PIC The output voltage was about 15 volts, and the PIC accept only 5 V maximum accept only 5 V maximum . . 2 2 - - The radiation from the sun was different from day to The radiation from the sun was different from day to another another . . 3 3 - - The wires we used first were the thin wires so when the The wires we used first were the thin wires so when the current passed these wires got hotter current passed these wires got hotter . .
  • 29. The applications for our The applications for our project project
  • 30. Conclusion and Conclusion and Recommendation Recommendation : : -From the technical and economical viewpoints, it can be said -From the technical and economical viewpoints, it can be said that the PV technology has attained an acceptable that the PV technology has attained an acceptable degree of operational efficiency and reliability degree of operational efficiency and reliability. -Module degradation seemed to be a problem in amorphous PV technology. -The tested amorphous PV module showed power degradation between 16.4% and 39% at the end of the first year testing period. -if we have more time we could program the PIC with a program that can drive a stepper motor and rotate it as the max radiation from sun and that by using photo sensors.