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Brief guide to referencing

Egyptian National Cancer Institute
Egyptian National Cancer Institute

This document provides an overview of referencing and citation styles. It discusses why references are important, the different components of citations and references, and the key styles including alphabetical (e.g. Harvard) and numbered (e.g. Vancouver). The agenda covers citation items like quotations and paraphrasing, categories of styles, examples of references, and referencing software. The goal is to teach researchers how to properly cite sources and format reference lists in manuscripts and protocols.

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Ahmed Zeeneldin Prof of Medical Oncology March, 2014 How to write a protocol workshop
Agenda Why to reference? Items Citation 悋鏈鰹鏈醐鏈ﾘ -鏈鏤鏤鎭常 References 鏤ｏ混悋鏈鏤 Bibliography 鏤ｏ混悋鏈鏤-鏤ｏ瑳鏈ﾘ惘 Direct quotations 悋鏤鏈鏈鏈鏈鰹ﾘ 鏤ｏ鏈鏈件混悸 Paraphrasing 悒鏤鏈ﾘ悸 鏈誌随鏤鏈 Categories of Referencing styles Alphabetical (author and date) Numbered Referencing style Referencing software 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 2
Why should you reference? Authorize to your work, strengthens your argument and demonstrates the breadth of your research. Give credit to original authors Enable the reader to find and verify your sources of information. Avoid being accused for Plagiarism 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 3
Citation and reference Citation Citation Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females (Zeeneldin et al., 2013). COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients (Abdelwahaab et al., 2012). Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females [1]. COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients [2]. Reference list Reference list Abdelwahaab A (2012) . Zeeneldin A (2013) 03/03/2014 1. Zeeneldin A 2. Abdelwahaab A .. Ahmed Zeeneldin 4
Categories of Referencing styles Numbered Alphabetical Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females (Zeeneldin et al., 2013). COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients (Abdelwahaab et al., 2012). Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females [1]. COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients [2]. Reference list Abdelwahaab A (2012) . Zeeneldin A (2013) Reference list 1. Zeeneldin A 2. Abdelwahaab A .. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 5
Categories of Referencing styles Alphabetical (author and date): Used in Theses In-text citations mention author last name and year References are arranged in the reference list alphabetically in an ascending order. No numbers Numbered: Used in articles In-text citations mention the reference number only References are arranged in the reference list numerically in an ascending order according to their first encounter in the text. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 6
Citing within the text (alphabetical) Artificial intelligence can be defined as the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men (Minsky, 1968) (Minsky & Sriver, 1968) (Minsky et al., 1968). According to Striver (2001 p 20) all aspects of rational thought should be considered to involve some degree of experimentation (Striver, 2001 p20) 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 7
Citing within the text (alphabetical) Rules include the authors surname and the year of publication and also any page numbers if you are quoting from a specific page If more than 2[3] authors, give only the first authors surname and initials followed by et al. If you state the authors name within your work then just include the date of publication to indicate the work being cited 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 8
Citing within the text (numbered) Artificial intelligence can be defined as the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men [1]. According to Striver (2001) all aspects of rational thought should be considered to involve some degree of experimentation [2]. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 9
Bibliography (reference list) Alphabetical (author and date): References are arranged in the reference list alphabetically in an ascending order of author sur. No numbers Numbered: References are arranged in the reference numerically in an ascending order according to their first encounter in the text. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 10
Bibliography (reference list) Alphabetical (author and date): References are arranged in the reference list alphabetically in an ascending order of author sur. No numbers Zeeneldin A (2006)....... Zeeneldin A (2007a)....... Zeeneldin A (2007b)....... Zeeneldin A, Taha F (2006)...... Zeeneldin A, Taha F, .........., Monir M (2006)....... Zeeneldin A, Taha F, Monir M, et al. (2006)....... 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 11
Essential components Who: What: Where: When: 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 12
Essential components Who: Zeeneldin A What: Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians Where: JENCI 13(7):23-29 When: 2012 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 13
Essential components Who Authors What Title (article, book, book chapter, thesis) Where Journal, book, website, thesis. Exact numbers when Year of publication 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 14
Essential components Who: Authors Surname, initials (Zeeneldin, A [AA]) List all authors without AND Elshafiey MM, Zeeneldin AA, Elsebai HI, Moneer M, Mohamed DB, Gouda I, Attia AA. List some followed by et al. 6: 5 et al. 4: 3 et al. Elshafiey MM, Zeeneldin AA, Elsebai HI, et al. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 15
Essential components What: title 03/03/2014 Title of an article Book Book chapter Website Thesis Other Ahmed Zeeneldin 16
Essential components Where Article: Book: journal title (abbreviated e.g. NEJM). Volume and issue Page numbers Edition number if not first (2nd ed.) Publisher City Pages Website: [Online]. Available at: www. (Accessed 20 Nov 2013) 03/03/2014 Book chapter In: book authors (eds.) Rest as the book Ahmed Zeeneldin 17
Essential components when: year Who: Zeeneldin A What: Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians Where: JENCI 13(7):23-29 When: 2012 - Zeeneldin, A. Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 13(7):23-29. 2012 - Zeeneldin, A (2012). Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 13(7):23-29. - Zeeneldin, A. Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 2012; 13(7):23-29. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 18
Examples Book: Halliday, D., Resnick, R. & Walker, J. (2005) Fundamentals of physics. 7th ed. New York: Wiley. pp 20-50. Book chapter: Murray, A.P. (1999) Fundamental equations of surface theory. In: Ledermann, W. & Vajda, S. (eds.) Combinatorics and geometry. 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 23-66. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 19
Examples Article: Kim, H.S. (2007) A new model for communicative effectiveness of science. Science Communication, 28(3), pp. 287-313. Webpage: Allen, S. (2007). Referencing: a guide for University of Liverpool online students [Online]. Available from http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus/ref.htm (Accessed 15 August 2007). 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 20
Examples Thesis McDonald, L.R. (2005) Assessment of body composition using magnetic resonance imaging. Ph.D. thesis. University of Liverpool. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 21
Reference style Alphabetical: Harvard - Numbered Vancouver - 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 22
Referencing software Endnote Ref manager Ref works ≒≒- 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 23
03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 24
Thank YOU 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 25

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Brief guide to referencing

  • 1. Ahmed Zeeneldin Prof of Medical Oncology March, 2014 How to write a protocol workshop
  • 2. Agenda Why to reference? Items Citation 悋鏈鰹鏈醐鏈ﾘ -鏈鏤鏤鎭常 References 鏤ｏ混悋鏈鏤 Bibliography 鏤ｏ混悋鏈鏤-鏤ｏ瑳鏈ﾘ惘 Direct quotations 悋鏤鏈鏈鏈鏈鰹ﾘ 鏤ｏ鏈鏈件混悸 Paraphrasing 悒鏤鏈ﾘ悸 鏈誌随鏤鏈 Categories of Referencing styles Alphabetical (author and date) Numbered Referencing style Referencing software 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 2
  • 3. Why should you reference? Authorize to your work, strengthens your argument and demonstrates the breadth of your research. Give credit to original authors Enable the reader to find and verify your sources of information. Avoid being accused for Plagiarism 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 3
  • 4. Citation and reference Citation Citation Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females (Zeeneldin et al., 2013). COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients (Abdelwahaab et al., 2012). Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females [1]. COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients [2]. Reference list Reference list Abdelwahaab A (2012) . Zeeneldin A (2013) 03/03/2014 1. Zeeneldin A 2. Abdelwahaab A .. Ahmed Zeeneldin 4
  • 5. Categories of Referencing styles Numbered Alphabetical Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females (Zeeneldin et al., 2013). COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients (Abdelwahaab et al., 2012). Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in Egyptian females [1]. COX-2 expression is encountered in 46% of patients [2]. Reference list Abdelwahaab A (2012) . Zeeneldin A (2013) Reference list 1. Zeeneldin A 2. Abdelwahaab A .. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 5
  • 6. Categories of Referencing styles Alphabetical (author and date): Used in Theses In-text citations mention author last name and year References are arranged in the reference list alphabetically in an ascending order. No numbers Numbered: Used in articles In-text citations mention the reference number only References are arranged in the reference list numerically in an ascending order according to their first encounter in the text. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 6
  • 7. Citing within the text (alphabetical) Artificial intelligence can be defined as the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men (Minsky, 1968) (Minsky & Sriver, 1968) (Minsky et al., 1968). According to Striver (2001 p 20) all aspects of rational thought should be considered to involve some degree of experimentation (Striver, 2001 p20) 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 7
  • 8. Citing within the text (alphabetical) Rules include the authors surname and the year of publication and also any page numbers if you are quoting from a specific page If more than 2[3] authors, give only the first authors surname and initials followed by et al. If you state the authors name within your work then just include the date of publication to indicate the work being cited 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 8
  • 9. Citing within the text (numbered) Artificial intelligence can be defined as the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men [1]. According to Striver (2001) all aspects of rational thought should be considered to involve some degree of experimentation [2]. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 9
  • 10. Bibliography (reference list) Alphabetical (author and date): References are arranged in the reference list alphabetically in an ascending order of author sur. No numbers Numbered: References are arranged in the reference numerically in an ascending order according to their first encounter in the text. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 10
  • 11. Bibliography (reference list) Alphabetical (author and date): References are arranged in the reference list alphabetically in an ascending order of author sur. No numbers Zeeneldin A (2006)....... Zeeneldin A (2007a)....... Zeeneldin A (2007b)....... Zeeneldin A, Taha F (2006)...... Zeeneldin A, Taha F, .........., Monir M (2006)....... Zeeneldin A, Taha F, Monir M, et al. (2006)....... 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 11
  • 12. Essential components Who: What: Where: When: 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 12
  • 13. Essential components Who: Zeeneldin A What: Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians Where: JENCI 13(7):23-29 When: 2012 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 13
  • 14. Essential components Who Authors What Title (article, book, book chapter, thesis) Where Journal, book, website, thesis. Exact numbers when Year of publication 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 14
  • 15. Essential components Who: Authors Surname, initials (Zeeneldin, A [AA]) List all authors without AND Elshafiey MM, Zeeneldin AA, Elsebai HI, Moneer M, Mohamed DB, Gouda I, Attia AA. List some followed by et al. 6: 5 et al. 4: 3 et al. Elshafiey MM, Zeeneldin AA, Elsebai HI, et al. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 15
  • 16. Essential components What: title 03/03/2014 Title of an article Book Book chapter Website Thesis Other Ahmed Zeeneldin 16
  • 17. Essential components Where Article: Book: journal title (abbreviated e.g. NEJM). Volume and issue Page numbers Edition number if not first (2nd ed.) Publisher City Pages Website: [Online]. Available at: www. (Accessed 20 Nov 2013) 03/03/2014 Book chapter In: book authors (eds.) Rest as the book Ahmed Zeeneldin 17
  • 18. Essential components when: year Who: Zeeneldin A What: Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians Where: JENCI 13(7):23-29 When: 2012 - Zeeneldin, A. Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 13(7):23-29. 2012 - Zeeneldin, A (2012). Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 13(7):23-29. - Zeeneldin, A. Breast cancer in Elderly Egyptians. JENCI 2012; 13(7):23-29. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 18
  • 19. Examples Book: Halliday, D., Resnick, R. & Walker, J. (2005) Fundamentals of physics. 7th ed. New York: Wiley. pp 20-50. Book chapter: Murray, A.P. (1999) Fundamental equations of surface theory. In: Ledermann, W. & Vajda, S. (eds.) Combinatorics and geometry. 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 23-66. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 19
  • 20. Examples Article: Kim, H.S. (2007) A new model for communicative effectiveness of science. Science Communication, 28(3), pp. 287-313. Webpage: Allen, S. (2007). Referencing: a guide for University of Liverpool online students [Online]. Available from http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus/ref.htm (Accessed 15 August 2007). 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 20
  • 21. Examples Thesis McDonald, L.R. (2005) Assessment of body composition using magnetic resonance imaging. Ph.D. thesis. University of Liverpool. 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 21
  • 22. Reference style Alphabetical: Harvard - Numbered Vancouver - 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 22
  • 23. Referencing software Endnote Ref manager Ref works ≒≒- 03/03/2014 Ahmed Zeeneldin 23
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