2. Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterised by variable
and recurring symptoms, airflow limitation and bronchospasm. Unlike other obstructive
lung disease, asthma is largely reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment. Its a
complex condition involving interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental
triggers.Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood and can begin at any
age.
3. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Asthma involves inflammation and narrowing of the Airways in the lungs;
Airway inflammation; the lining of the airways become inflamed, swollen and irritated.This
inflammation is driven by the various immune cells including mast cells, eosinophil and
lymphocytes.
Airway hyperresponsiveness; the airways become excessively sensitive various triggers, leading
to bronchoconstriction.This means the airways react more strongly than normal to irritants.
Bronchospasm; the muscles surrounding the airways constrict, further narrowing the airways
and making breathing difficult.This is often triggered by irritants or allergens.
4. CONT
Mucus production; increased mucus production in the airways can clog them, further
obstructing airflow.
Airway remodeling; in chronic asthma, the Airways undergo structural changes, including
thickening of the Airway walls and increased colleges deposition.This makes the airways
more susceptible to future attacks.
7. DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS
1. Medical history and physical examination
2. Spirometry; a lung function test that measures how much air a person can breathe in
and out and how quickly they can exhale.This helps to assess airflow limitation.
3. Allergy test
4. Chest X-ray
8. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Adrenergic stimulant (beta-agonist) example; salbutamol
Anticholinergics ; example, tiotropium
Antihistamines ; example, piriton
Corticosteroids; example, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone
Inhaler
9. NURSING MANAGEMENT
1. Allay patients anxiety
2. Assess patients respiratory status by monitoring lung sounds, oxygen saturation and respiratory rate
3. Assess severity of symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and cough
4. Assist patient to identify and avoid triggers
5. Educate patient and family on the management of asthma
6. Teach patient stress reduction techniques
7. Advice patient to avoid contact with persons with common cold
8. Identify medications the patient is taking
