This document summarizes the intellectual revolutions and development of science in different regions throughout history. It discusses key figures like Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud who drove intellectual revolutions. It also provides overviews of the development of science in Mesoamerica, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, highlighting some of their scientific advancements and influential scientists, such as the Maya's astronomical understanding demonstrated in their architecture, India's contributions to mathematics including the concept of zero and trigonometry, and ancient Egypt's developments in geometry, alchemy, anatomy, and astronomy.
3. Cradles of early science
o Development of Science in Mesoamerica
o Development of Science in Asia
o Development of Science in Middle East
o Development of Science in Africa
13. Entire area of Central
America from
Southern Mexico up
to the border of South
America.
Maya civilization
lasted for approx.
2000 years.
Incorporated their
advanced
understanding of
astronomy into their
temples and religious
structures.
14. The El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza is
situated is situated at the location of the Sun
during the spring and fall equinoxes.
19. The Maya hieroglypich writing is arguably one of the
most visually striking writing systems of the world. It
is also very complex, with hundreds of unique signs or
glyphs in the form of humans, animals, supernaturals,
objects, and abstract designs.
23. largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and
possibly the largest empire in the world in the
early 16th century
flourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400 and
1533 CE
25. 1. Roads paved with stones
2. Stone buildings that surmounted
earthquakes
3. Irrigation system and technique for storing
water
4. Calendar with 12 months
5. First suspension bridge
6. Quipu
7. Inca textiles
28. The Aztecs were an advanced and prosperous
civilization who built beautiful and sophisticated
cities.
The highly developed empire had an elaborate
leadership and society that consisted of four
classes.
Nobles (highest in power)
Commoners (the majority of population, were mostly
farmers)
Serfs (worked land for the nobles)
Slaves (consisted of those captured and indebted
who couldnt pay)
29. 1. Mandatory education
2. Chocolates cacao beans
3. Antispasmodic medication
4. Chinampa - irrigation systems
5. Aztec calendar
6. Invention of the canoe
33. India
Known for manufacturing iron and in
metallurgical works
Medicine - Ayurveda
35. Mathematics
Tried to standardize measurement of length to a
high degree of accuracy.
36. ARYABHATA
first of the major first of the
major mathematician-
astronomers from the classical
age of Indian mathematics and
Indian astronomy.
Aryabhatiya:
place value system
Approximation of
Trigonometry
Solar and lunar eclipses were
scientifically explained by
Aryabhata. He states that the
Moon and planets shine by
reflected sunlight.
37. BRAHMAGUPTA
Brhmasphu畊asiddhnta
defined the properties of the number zero, both as a
placeholder and a decimal digit
Suggested that gravity was a force of attraction.
38. China
Traditional medicine acupunture
Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing
tools
Astronomy heavenly bodies, lunar calendars
41. Dominantly occupied by Muslims
Greater value on science experiments
Hasan Ibn al-Haytham
was an Arab mathematician, astronomer, and
physicist of the Islamic Golden Age
Father of Optics
42. Muhammad ibn Musa
al-Khwarizmi
concept of the algorithm
in mathematics
Algebra from al-jabr
(Hisab al-Jabr wa-al-
Muqabala)
calendars, calculating
true positions of the sun,
moon and planets, tables
of sines and tangents,
spherical astronomy,
astrological tables