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Nazihah Ahwan
Nazihah Ahwan

This document discusses the role of information systems and system analysts. It provides an overview of different types of information systems like transaction processing systems, decision support systems, and expert systems. It describes the key roles and responsibilities of a system analyst, which include acting as a consultant, supporting expert, and agent of change. The document outlines the necessary qualities and skills of an effective system analyst, such as strong problem-solving, communication, and technical skills.

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DTCW 4103 Software Development Chapter 1 ~ INFORMATION SYSTEM : What are they?
Objectives: At the end of this chapter students should be able to:- Understand the types of systems Understand the role of System Analyst Qualities of System Analyst Required skills of the System Analyst Job titles Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 2
Overview IS are crucial to the success of modern business organization. Constantly being developed to make business more competitive. Clear IT in IS can have dramatic impact of technology & profits. BUT not the technology itself, it is the people who develop IS solution that strap up the power of this tech that makes benefits possible. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 3
Overview Systems analyst KEY to successful system/software development. Understanding and specifying in detail what the information system should do. Understanding what the business requires from the IS. System design Specifying in detail how the many components of IS should be physically implemented. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 4
What does Analyst Solve? Some typical problems are : Customer wants to order products any time of the day and night. Problem: How to process those orders round the clock without adding to the selling cost. Management continually wants to know the current financial picture of the company including profit and loss, cash flow and stock market forecast. Problem: How to collect, analyze and present all the financial information mgmt wants. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 5
What is Information System? Information System A collection of interrelated components that collect, process, store and provide as output the information needed to complete business tasks. Information Raw data that already been process. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 6
What is Information System? System A collection of interrelated components that function together to achieve some outcome. Subsystem A system that is part of a larger system. Supersystem A larger systems that contains other systems. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 7
Types of systems Transaction Processing System (TPS) Office Automation System (OAS) and Knowledge Work Systems (KWS) Management Information Systems (MIS) Decision Support System (DSS) Expert System (ES) and Artificial Intelligent (AI). Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) and Computer-Supported Collaborative Work Systems Executive Support System (ESS) Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 8
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) To capture and process large amount of data for routine business transactions such as payroll and inventory A TPS reduces the time, increase efficiency Manager will use up to date data from TPS monitor what is happening in the company Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 9
Office Automation Systems and Knowledge Work System OAS to support data workers To share and manipulate the information Disseminate the information in organization Eg: Word processing, spreadsheet, desktop publishing, electronic scheduling, and communication through email, and video conferencing. KWS support professional workers such as scientists, engineers, and doctors Allow them to create new knowledge and allow them to contribute it . Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 10
Decision Support System (DSS) is a highly flexible and interactive IT system that is designed to support decision making when the problem is not structured A DSS is an alliance between you, decision maker, and specialized support provided by IT. IT brings speed, vast amount of information, and sophisticated processing capabilities to help you create information useful in decision making. DSS is to improve your effectiveness as a decision maker by providing you with assistance that will compliment your insights. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 11
Expert System and AI Artificial Intelligent (AI) is the science of making machines mimic human thought processes and behavior. Four types: Expert System Neural Network Genetic Algorithm Intelligent System Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 12
Expert System Expert System is an artificial intelligence system that applies reasoning capabilities to reach to conclusion. ES captures and makes available to you the expertise of a human expert ES solves problems by mimicking the reasoning process of a human expert to reach a conclusion The problem-solving strategy of a domain expert, the domain expertise, is transferred to the knowledge base by the engineer using the knowledge acquisition component Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 13
Group Decision Support System A group decision support system (GDSS) is a type of decision support system that facilitates the formulation of and solution to problems by a team. A GDSS facilitates team decision making by integrating Groupware DSS capabilities Telecommunication Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 14
Executive Support System Help executives organize their interactions with the external environment Rely on TPS and MIS Address the unstructured decision Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 15
Integrating Technologies for systems Ecommerce Applications and Web services Increase awareness 24 hrs access Standard design Global system Enterprise Resource Planning System Integration of information of many IS on different management level and different functions System for wireless and handheld devices Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 16
Need for systems analysis and design System analyst:- Analyze data input Data processing Data storage Information output SAD is used to analyze, design and implement improvements in the functioning of businesses Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 17
Roles of System Analyst System Analyst must be able to work with different types of people and must be very experienced in working with computers. The three primary roles of the System Analyst are: Consultant Supporting Expert Agent of change Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 18
System Analyst as Consultant Analyst may be hired specifically to address information systems issues within a business This can offer many advantages since outside consultants can bring in new suggestions with fresh perspectives The only disadvantage of hiring an outside consultant is that he/she would never truly understand the true nature of the organization Outside consultants would rely heavily on systematic methods to analyze and design appropriate information systems for a particular business Outside consultants also rely on the systems users to obtain a clearer picture of the organization Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 19
System Analyst as Supporting Expert The analyst would draw on professional expertise concerning the computer hardware and software and their uses in the business This work is often used for making small modifications or decision affecting a single department Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 20
System Analyst as Agent of Change An agent of change is defined as a person who serves as a catalyst for change, develops a plan for change and works with others in facilitating the change An analyst is considered to be an agent of change whenever: He/she performs any of the activities in the system development life cycle (SDLC) He/she is present in the business for an extended period of time At the very beginning, the analyst needs to interact with the users to get a better picture of the current system If changes is warranted than the analyst needs to develop a plan for change along with the people who would be carrying out the changes The analyst must also inform the users who would be affected by the changes Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 21
Quality of System Analyst Must be a problem solver who enjoys devising workable solutions Must be an effective communicator who is capable to relate meaningful information to other people over extended periods of time Must be experienced enough to program, to understand the capabilities of computers, to obtain and understand information from the users and to communicate what is needed to programmers Must be self-disciplined and self-motivated Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 22
Required skills of the System Analyst Technical Knowledge and Skills Business Knowledge and Skills People Knowledge and Skills Integrity and Ethics Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 23
Technical Knowledge and Skills The System Analyst should understand the fundamental of:- Computers and how they work Other devices (input, storage, output) Communication networks and protocol Database and DBMS OOP languages and class libraries Operating system and Utility Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 24
Technical Knowledge and Skills System Analyst should also know a lot about tools such as:- Integrated development environment (IDEs). Eg: Sun ONE studio for JAVA or VB.NET CASE tools eg: Rational XDE modeles, Borland Together Program code generator, testing tools, support tools, project man Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 25
Technical Knowledge and Skills System Analyst should also know a lot about tools such as:- Project planning technique Cost/benefit analysis technique Interviewing technique Requirement modeling technique Architectural analysis technique Network configuration technique Database design technique Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 26
Business Knowledge and Skills What does the analyst need to know? What business functions do organization perform? How are organizations structured? How are organizations managed? What types of work goes on in organizations? ( finance, manufacturing, marketing, customer service ) Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 27
People Knowledge and Skills It is critical that the analyst understand how people: Think to better anticipate they way to interact. Learn new technologies adapt React to change - must be prepared to change to see the benefits of change. Communicate influence and motivate Work (in variety of jobs and levels) support the personnel Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 28
Integrity and Ethics Keep information private salary, job performance, health, etc. Expected to sustain the highest ethical standard can destroy any impropriety appearance. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 29
Types of Technology Encountered Future analysts may encounter these following: Desktop system. Networked desktop system that shared data. Client-server systems. Large-scale centralized mainframe systems. Systems using Internet, extranet technology. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 30
Typical Job Titles Some of the job titles that you may encounter: Programmer analyst. Business SA. System liaison. End-user analyst. Business consultant. System consultant. System support analyst. System designer. Software engineer. System architect. Webmaster. Web developer. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 31 Project leader/Project Manager

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C1edited

  • 1. DTCW 4103 Software Development Chapter 1 ~ INFORMATION SYSTEM : What are they?
  • 2. Objectives: At the end of this chapter students should be able to:- Understand the types of systems Understand the role of System Analyst Qualities of System Analyst Required skills of the System Analyst Job titles Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 2
  • 3. Overview IS are crucial to the success of modern business organization. Constantly being developed to make business more competitive. Clear IT in IS can have dramatic impact of technology & profits. BUT not the technology itself, it is the people who develop IS solution that strap up the power of this tech that makes benefits possible. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 3
  • 4. Overview Systems analyst KEY to successful system/software development. Understanding and specifying in detail what the information system should do. Understanding what the business requires from the IS. System design Specifying in detail how the many components of IS should be physically implemented. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 4
  • 5. What does Analyst Solve? Some typical problems are : Customer wants to order products any time of the day and night. Problem: How to process those orders round the clock without adding to the selling cost. Management continually wants to know the current financial picture of the company including profit and loss, cash flow and stock market forecast. Problem: How to collect, analyze and present all the financial information mgmt wants. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 5
  • 6. What is Information System? Information System A collection of interrelated components that collect, process, store and provide as output the information needed to complete business tasks. Information Raw data that already been process. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 6
  • 7. What is Information System? System A collection of interrelated components that function together to achieve some outcome. Subsystem A system that is part of a larger system. Supersystem A larger systems that contains other systems. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 7
  • 8. Types of systems Transaction Processing System (TPS) Office Automation System (OAS) and Knowledge Work Systems (KWS) Management Information Systems (MIS) Decision Support System (DSS) Expert System (ES) and Artificial Intelligent (AI). Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) and Computer-Supported Collaborative Work Systems Executive Support System (ESS) Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 8
  • 9. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) To capture and process large amount of data for routine business transactions such as payroll and inventory A TPS reduces the time, increase efficiency Manager will use up to date data from TPS monitor what is happening in the company Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 9
  • 10. Office Automation Systems and Knowledge Work System OAS to support data workers To share and manipulate the information Disseminate the information in organization Eg: Word processing, spreadsheet, desktop publishing, electronic scheduling, and communication through email, and video conferencing. KWS support professional workers such as scientists, engineers, and doctors Allow them to create new knowledge and allow them to contribute it . Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 10
  • 11. Decision Support System (DSS) is a highly flexible and interactive IT system that is designed to support decision making when the problem is not structured A DSS is an alliance between you, decision maker, and specialized support provided by IT. IT brings speed, vast amount of information, and sophisticated processing capabilities to help you create information useful in decision making. DSS is to improve your effectiveness as a decision maker by providing you with assistance that will compliment your insights. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 11
  • 12. Expert System and AI Artificial Intelligent (AI) is the science of making machines mimic human thought processes and behavior. Four types: Expert System Neural Network Genetic Algorithm Intelligent System Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 12
  • 13. Expert System Expert System is an artificial intelligence system that applies reasoning capabilities to reach to conclusion. ES captures and makes available to you the expertise of a human expert ES solves problems by mimicking the reasoning process of a human expert to reach a conclusion The problem-solving strategy of a domain expert, the domain expertise, is transferred to the knowledge base by the engineer using the knowledge acquisition component Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 13
  • 14. Group Decision Support System A group decision support system (GDSS) is a type of decision support system that facilitates the formulation of and solution to problems by a team. A GDSS facilitates team decision making by integrating Groupware DSS capabilities Telecommunication Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 14
  • 15. Executive Support System Help executives organize their interactions with the external environment Rely on TPS and MIS Address the unstructured decision Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 15
  • 16. Integrating Technologies for systems Ecommerce Applications and Web services Increase awareness 24 hrs access Standard design Global system Enterprise Resource Planning System Integration of information of many IS on different management level and different functions System for wireless and handheld devices Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 16
  • 17. Need for systems analysis and design System analyst:- Analyze data input Data processing Data storage Information output SAD is used to analyze, design and implement improvements in the functioning of businesses Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 17
  • 18. Roles of System Analyst System Analyst must be able to work with different types of people and must be very experienced in working with computers. The three primary roles of the System Analyst are: Consultant Supporting Expert Agent of change Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 18
  • 19. System Analyst as Consultant Analyst may be hired specifically to address information systems issues within a business This can offer many advantages since outside consultants can bring in new suggestions with fresh perspectives The only disadvantage of hiring an outside consultant is that he/she would never truly understand the true nature of the organization Outside consultants would rely heavily on systematic methods to analyze and design appropriate information systems for a particular business Outside consultants also rely on the systems users to obtain a clearer picture of the organization Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 19
  • 20. System Analyst as Supporting Expert The analyst would draw on professional expertise concerning the computer hardware and software and their uses in the business This work is often used for making small modifications or decision affecting a single department Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 20
  • 21. System Analyst as Agent of Change An agent of change is defined as a person who serves as a catalyst for change, develops a plan for change and works with others in facilitating the change An analyst is considered to be an agent of change whenever: He/she performs any of the activities in the system development life cycle (SDLC) He/she is present in the business for an extended period of time At the very beginning, the analyst needs to interact with the users to get a better picture of the current system If changes is warranted than the analyst needs to develop a plan for change along with the people who would be carrying out the changes The analyst must also inform the users who would be affected by the changes Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 21
  • 22. Quality of System Analyst Must be a problem solver who enjoys devising workable solutions Must be an effective communicator who is capable to relate meaningful information to other people over extended periods of time Must be experienced enough to program, to understand the capabilities of computers, to obtain and understand information from the users and to communicate what is needed to programmers Must be self-disciplined and self-motivated Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 22
  • 23. Required skills of the System Analyst Technical Knowledge and Skills Business Knowledge and Skills People Knowledge and Skills Integrity and Ethics Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 23
  • 24. Technical Knowledge and Skills The System Analyst should understand the fundamental of:- Computers and how they work Other devices (input, storage, output) Communication networks and protocol Database and DBMS OOP languages and class libraries Operating system and Utility Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 24
  • 25. Technical Knowledge and Skills System Analyst should also know a lot about tools such as:- Integrated development environment (IDEs). Eg: Sun ONE studio for JAVA or VB.NET CASE tools eg: Rational XDE modeles, Borland Together Program code generator, testing tools, support tools, project man Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 25
  • 26. Technical Knowledge and Skills System Analyst should also know a lot about tools such as:- Project planning technique Cost/benefit analysis technique Interviewing technique Requirement modeling technique Architectural analysis technique Network configuration technique Database design technique Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 26
  • 27. Business Knowledge and Skills What does the analyst need to know? What business functions do organization perform? How are organizations structured? How are organizations managed? What types of work goes on in organizations? ( finance, manufacturing, marketing, customer service ) Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 27
  • 28. People Knowledge and Skills It is critical that the analyst understand how people: Think to better anticipate they way to interact. Learn new technologies adapt React to change - must be prepared to change to see the benefits of change. Communicate influence and motivate Work (in variety of jobs and levels) support the personnel Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 28
  • 29. Integrity and Ethics Keep information private salary, job performance, health, etc. Expected to sustain the highest ethical standard can destroy any impropriety appearance. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 29
  • 30. Types of Technology Encountered Future analysts may encounter these following: Desktop system. Networked desktop system that shared data. Client-server systems. Large-scale centralized mainframe systems. Systems using Internet, extranet technology. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 30
  • 31. Typical Job Titles Some of the job titles that you may encounter: Programmer analyst. Business SA. System liaison. End-user analyst. Business consultant. System consultant. System support analyst. System designer. Software engineer. System architect. Webmaster. Web developer. Prepared by Ms. Nur Erlida bt Ruslan 31 Project leader/Project Manager