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Carbohydrates

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This document defines and classifies monosaccharides, which are simple sugars that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and either an aldehyde or ketone functional group. It discusses how monosaccharides are classified based on their number of carbon atoms (trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses) and whether they contain an aldehyde or ketone group. Examples of common monosaccharides from each category are provided, such as glyceraldehyde, erythrose, ribose, and glucose. Monosaccharides are further specified as optical isomers that can exist in D- or L-forms depending on the number and configuration of asymmetric carbon atoms they contain.

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B.Sc BIOTECHNOLOGY Semester II SRI HARSHINI DEGREE & PG COLLEGE. ONGOLE-523001. Dr Vemu Anil kumar M.Sc, Ph.D.nanobiotechanil@gmail.com
Definition Optically active Polyhydroxy Aldehydes or Ketones, or substance that yield one of these compounds on hydrolysis. Hydrates of Carbon. Also known as Saccharides. Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Contains Carbonyl group : Aldo (CHO) or Keto (=O). At least Two Hydroxyl group ( OH). Simplest carbohydrate. Aldo form : Glyceraldehyde. Keto form : Dihydroxy acetone.(Now its not considered )
Classification Sugars (Saccharide) Mono saccharides Aldoses Aldo triose Aldo tetrose Aldo pentose Aldo hexose Ketoses Keto triose Keto tetrose Keto pentose Keto hexose Oligo saccharides Di Tetra Tri Penta Non sugars (PolySaccharide) Homo Hetero Neutral sugars Muco polysaccharides
MONOSACCHARIDES Simple sugars with a free Aldehyde or Ketone, and two or more Hydroxyl groups. Sweet in taste, Soluble in water, Optical activity mutarotation, Crystalline. Contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms. General formula - (CH2O)n. Also called as Reducing agents or sugars. Contain one or more asymmetric Carbon atoms. C attached to 4 different groups. Based on number of C atoms Triose, Tetrose, Pentose, Hexose.. Based on Carbonyl group Aldehyde : Aldoses. Ketone : Ketoses.
Aldoses have suffix ose. Ketoses have suffix ulose.
Classification of Monosaccharides 1. Trioses Simple sugars. Molecular formula- C3H6O3 Sweet in taste. Soluble in water. Crystalline. Triose containing Aldehyde (CHO) Aldotriose. Keto (CO) Keto triose or Triulose. Glycerose 2 C asymmetric Optical Isomers D/L forms. Dihydroxy acetone - No asymmetric C.
2. Tetroses Simple sugars. Molecular formula- C4H8O4 Sweet in taste. Soluble in water. Crystalline. Tetrose containing Aldehyde (CHO) Aldotetrose. Keto (CO) Keto triose. Erythrose 2 and 3 C asymmetric Optical Isomers D/L forms. Erythrulose - 3 C asymmetric.
Carbohydrates
3. Pentoses Simple sugars. Molecular formula- C5H10O5 Sweet in taste. Soluble in water. Crystalline. Tetrose containing Aldehyde (CHO) Aldopentose 3 asymmetric Carbons. Keto (CO) Ketopentose / pentulose 2 asymmetric Carbons. Ribose, Ribulose, Xylose, Xylulose
Carbohydrates
4. Hexoses Simple sugars. Molecular formula- C6H12O6. Sweet in taste. Soluble in water. Crystalline. Tetrose containing Aldehyde (CHO) Aldohexose 4 asymmetric Carbons. Keto (CO) Ketohexose / Hexulose 3 asymmetric Carbons. Glucose, Galactose, Mannose, Fructose
Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates

  • 1. B.Sc BIOTECHNOLOGY Semester II SRI HARSHINI DEGREE & PG COLLEGE. ONGOLE-523001. Dr Vemu Anil kumar M.Sc, Ph.D.nanobiotechanil@gmail.com
  • 2. Definition Optically active Polyhydroxy Aldehydes or Ketones, or substance that yield one of these compounds on hydrolysis. Hydrates of Carbon. Also known as Saccharides. Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Contains Carbonyl group : Aldo (CHO) or Keto (=O). At least Two Hydroxyl group ( OH). Simplest carbohydrate. Aldo form : Glyceraldehyde. Keto form : Dihydroxy acetone.(Now its not considered )
  • 3. Classification Sugars (Saccharide) Mono saccharides Aldoses Aldo triose Aldo tetrose Aldo pentose Aldo hexose Ketoses Keto triose Keto tetrose Keto pentose Keto hexose Oligo saccharides Di Tetra Tri Penta Non sugars (PolySaccharide) Homo Hetero Neutral sugars Muco polysaccharides
  • 4. MONOSACCHARIDES Simple sugars with a free Aldehyde or Ketone, and two or more Hydroxyl groups. Sweet in taste, Soluble in water, Optical activity mutarotation, Crystalline. Contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms. General formula - (CH2O)n. Also called as Reducing agents or sugars. Contain one or more asymmetric Carbon atoms. C attached to 4 different groups. Based on number of C atoms Triose, Tetrose, Pentose, Hexose.. Based on Carbonyl group Aldehyde : Aldoses. Ketone : Ketoses.
  • 5. Aldoses have suffix ose. Ketoses have suffix ulose.
  • 6. Classification of Monosaccharides 1. Trioses Simple sugars. Molecular formula- C3H6O3 Sweet in taste. Soluble in water. Crystalline. Triose containing Aldehyde (CHO) Aldotriose. Keto (CO) Keto triose or Triulose. Glycerose 2 C asymmetric Optical Isomers D/L forms. Dihydroxy acetone - No asymmetric C.
  • 7. 2. Tetroses Simple sugars. Molecular formula- C4H8O4 Sweet in taste. Soluble in water. Crystalline. Tetrose containing Aldehyde (CHO) Aldotetrose. Keto (CO) Keto triose. Erythrose 2 and 3 C asymmetric Optical Isomers D/L forms. Erythrulose - 3 C asymmetric.
  • 9. 3. Pentoses Simple sugars. Molecular formula- C5H10O5 Sweet in taste. Soluble in water. Crystalline. Tetrose containing Aldehyde (CHO) Aldopentose 3 asymmetric Carbons. Keto (CO) Ketopentose / pentulose 2 asymmetric Carbons. Ribose, Ribulose, Xylose, Xylulose
  • 11. 4. Hexoses Simple sugars. Molecular formula- C6H12O6. Sweet in taste. Soluble in water. Crystalline. Tetrose containing Aldehyde (CHO) Aldohexose 4 asymmetric Carbons. Keto (CO) Ketohexose / Hexulose 3 asymmetric Carbons. Glucose, Galactose, Mannose, Fructose