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Unit –III
Cascading Style Sheets
R. JebaRaj

What is CSS?
• Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a
simple design language intended to transform the
presentation of a Web Pages as well as many ostensibly
nonweb environments.
• CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page. Using
CSS, you can control the color of the text, the style of
fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how columns
are sized and laid out, what background images or
colors are used, layout designs, variations in display for
different devices and screen sizes as well as a variety of
other effects.

• CSS is easy to learn and understand but it
provides powerful control over the
presentation of an HTML document. Most
commonly, CSS is combined with the markup
languages HTML or XHTML.

Where do we use CSS?
• CSS is being used extensively in web and non web
based applications :
• All modern websites make use of CSS to beautify
their web pages.
• Embedded-device displays often use CSS to style
their user interfaces.
• RSS clients also let you apply CSS to feeds and
feed entries.
• Instant message clients also use CSS to format
chat windows.

History of CSS
• Cascading Style Sheets level 1 (CSS1) came out of W3C as a
recommendation in December 1996. This version describes
the CSS language as well as a simple visual formatting
model for all the HTML tags.
• CSS2 became a W3C recommendation in May 1998 and
builds on top of CSS1. This version adds support for media-
specific style sheets e.g. printers and aural devices,
downloadable fonts, element positioning and tables.
• CSS3 became a W3C recommendation in June 2012 and
builds on older versions CSS. it has divided into
documentations called as Modules and here each module
having new extension features defined in CSS2.

Year Description
1994
HÃ¥kon Wium Lie proposed the idea of CSS to allow web designers
to change the layout, colors, and fonts of their websites.
1996
The first version of CSS was released while the newly established
CSS Working Group moved forward with CSS2.
1998
The second version of CSS was released and work on CSS-3 started
at the same time.
2011
A clarified version of CSS2 called CSS2.1, was released, which fixed
the errors found in CSS 2
2012
As of June 2012, there are over fifty CSS modules published from
the CSS-3 Working Group.

Types of CSS
• Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) is used to set the
style in web pages that contain HTML elements. It
sets the background color, font-size, font-family,
color, … etc. properties of elements on a web
page.
There are three types of CSS which are given below:
1. Inline CSS
2. Internal or Embedded CSS
3. External CSS

1. Inline CSS
• Inline CSS: Inline CSS contains the
CSS property in the body section attached to
the element is known as inline CSS. This kind
of style is specified within an HTML tag using
the style attribute.

Inline CSS Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Inline CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="color:#009900; font-size:50px;
font-style:italic; text-align:center;">
Nesamony Memorial Christian College
</p>
</body>
</html>

2. Internal or Embedded CSS
• Internal or Embedded CSS: This can be used
when a single HTML document must be styled
uniquely. The CSS rule set should be within
the HTML file in the head section i.e.
the CSS is embedded within the <style> tag
inside the head section of the HTML file.

Internal CSS Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Internal CSS</title>
<style>
.main {
text-align: center;
}
.mca {
color: #009900;
font-size: 50px;
font-weight: bold;
}
.nmcc {
font-style: bold;
font-size: 20px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<div class="main">
<div class=“mca">Computer Applications</div>
<div class=“nmcc">
Department of computer Science & Applications
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

3. External CSS
External CSS: External CSS contains
separate CSS files that contain only style
properties with the help of tag attributes (For
example class, id, heading, … etc).
• CSS property is written in a separate file with a
.css extension and should be linked to
the HTML document using a link tag. It means
that, for each element, style can be set only
once and will be applied across web pages.

External CSS example
body { background-color:powderblue; }
.main { text-align:center; }
.mca { color:#009900; font-size:50px; font-weight:bold; }
#nmcc { font-style:bold;
font-size:20px; }
• Below is the HTML file that is making use of the
created external style sheet.
• link tag is used to link the external style sheet with the
html webpage.
• href attribute is used to specify the location of the
external style sheet file.

<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="geeks.css" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="main">
<div class=“mca">Department of Computer Science & Applications</div>
<div id=“nmcc">
Basics of Web Design
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Priorities of CSS
• Priorities of CSS: Inline CSS has the highest priority, then
comes Internal/Embedded followed by External CSS which
has the least priority. Multiple style sheets can be defined
on one page. For an HTML tag, styles can be defined in
multiple style types and follow the below order.
• As Inline has the highest priority, any styles that are defined
in the internal and external style sheets are overridden by
Inline styles.
• Internal or Embedded stands second in the priority list and
overrides the styles in the external style sheet.
• External style sheets have the least priority. If there are no
styles defined either in inline or internal style sheet then
external style sheet rules are applied for the HTML tags.

CSS Selectors
CSS selectors are used to select the content you want to style.
Selectors are the part of CSS rule set. CSS selectors select
HTML elements according to its id, class, type, attribute etc.
There are several different types of selectors in CSS.
• Universal Selector
• ID Selector
• Tag Selector
• Class Selector
• Sub Selector
• Attribute Selector
• Group Selector

CSS Syntax
A CSS comprises of style rules that are interpreted by the
browser and then applied to the corresponding elements in
your document. A style rule is made of three parts −
• Selector − A selector is an HTML tag at which a style will be
applied. This could be any tag like <h1> or <table> etc.
• Property − A property is a type of attribute of HTML tag.
Put simply, all the HTML attributes are converted into CSS
properties. They could be color, border etc.
• Value − Values are assigned to properties. For
example, color property can have value
either red or #F1F1F1 etc.
You can put CSS Style Rule Syntax as follows −
selector { property: value }

Cascading Styling Sheets(CSS) simple design language intended to transform the presentation of a Web Pages as well as many ostensibly non web environments

1. Universal Selector
• The universal selector is used as a wildcard character. It selects all the elements on the pages.
<html>
<head>
<style>
* {
color: green;
font-size: 20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>This is heading</h2>
<p>This style will be applied on every paragraph.</p>
<p id="para1">Me too!</p>
<p>And me!</p>
</body>
</html>

2. ID Selector
• The id selector selects the id attribute of an
HTML element to select a specific element. An
id is always unique within the page so it is
chosen to select a single, unique element.
• It is written with the hash character (#),
followed by the id of the element.

ID selector example
<html>
<head>
<style>
#para1 {
text-align: center;
color: blue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p id="para1">Hello Javatpoint.com</p>
<p>This paragraph will not be affected.</p>
</body>
</html>

3. Tag Selector
• The Tag selector in CSS is used to select and
style HTML elements based on their tag name.
• For example to select all <p> elements and
apply a specific style to them you would use
the following code:
p{color: blue; font-size:16px;}
• This means that all text within <p> tags on the
web page will have a blue color and a font size
of 16px.

4. Class Selector
• The class selector selects HTML elements with
a specific class attribute. It is used with a
period character . (full stop symbol) followed
by the class name.

Class selector example
<html>
<head>
<style>
.center {
text-align: center;
color: blue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 class="center">This heading is blue and center-aligned.</h1>
<p class="center">This paragraph is blue and center-aligned.</p>
</body>
</html>

5. CSS Sub selector
• A CSS selector can contain more than one simple
selector. Between the simple selectors, we can
include a combinator.
• There are four different combinators in CSS:
• descendant selector (space)
• child selector (>)
• adjacent sibling selector (+)
• general sibling selector (~)
•

5.1 Descendant Selector
• The descendant selector matches all elements
that are descendants of a specified element.
• The following example selects all <p>
elements inside <div> elements:
div p {
background-color: yellow;
}

5.2 Child Selector (>)
• The child selector selects all elements that are
the children of a specified element.
elements that are children of a <div> element
div > p {
}

5.3 Adjacent Sibling Selector (+)
• The adjacent sibling selector is used to select an
element that is directly after another specific element.
• Sibling elements must have the same parent element,
and "adjacent" means "immediately following".
• The following example selects the first <p> element
that are placed immediately after <div> elements:
div + p {
}

5.4 General Sibling Selector (~)
• The general sibling selector selects all
elements that are next siblings of a specified
element.
elements that are next siblings of <div>
elements:
div ~ p {
}

6. Attribute Selector
• The CSS attribute selector is used when we want to
style multiple HTML elements that have the same
attribute or attribute values.
• It is a very convenient way to style multiple-element
by grouping them on a basis of similar attributes.
• The attribute selector selects all the elements that
have a particular attribute and sets the styling for all of
them.
• The attribute selectors are by default case sensitive and
can be written in the square brackets [].

Types of attribute selector
• There are several types of attribute selector, which are
given below:
• CSS [attribute] selector
• CSS [attribute="value"] selector
• CSS [attribute~="value"]
• CSS [attribute|="value"]
• CSS [attribute^="value"]
• CSS [attribute$="value"]
• CSS [attribute*="value"]
•

6. CSS [attribute] selector
• The [attribute] selector selects all the
elements that contain the same attribute and
applies the CSS properties to all of them at
once. For example, the .selector [class] will
selects and style all the elements that have
the same class name.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Attributes selector</title>
<style>
[class] {
background-color: red;
color: black
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="para">This is the first paragraph.</p>
<p>This is the second paragraph.</p>
<p>This is the third paragraph.</p>
<p class="para">This is the forth paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

CSS [attribute="value"] selector
• This [attribute="value"] selector allows us to select and set styling properties to all the elements
whose attribute value is the same as the assigned value.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>CSS attribute selector</title>
<style>
p[class="para"] {
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="test">This is the second paragraph.</p>
<p class="para">This is the second paragraph</p>
<p class="test">This is the forth paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>

CSS [attribute~="value"] selector
• The CSS [attribute~="value"] selector allows us to set CSS properties to all the elements whose
value contains a specified word.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
[class~="test"] {
border: 2px solid red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="test">This is the second paragraph.</p>
<p class="para">This is the second paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>

CSS [attribute|="value"] selector
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
[ class|="para"] {
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="para-1">This is the first paragraph.</p>
<p class="para-2">This is the second paragraph.</p>
<p class="para-3">This is the second paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>

CSS [attribute^="value"] selector
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
[class^="test"] {
border: 2px solid yellow;
}
[class^="para"] {
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="test-1">This is the first paragraph.</p>
<p class="test-2">This is the second paragraph</p>
<p class="para-2">This is the forth paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>

CSS [attribute$="value"] selector
• The CSS [attribute$="value"] selector selects the element whose attribute value ends with the particular value.
• Syntax CSS [attribute$="value"] selector
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
[class$="1"] {
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

CSS [attribute*="value"] selector
• The [attribute*="value"] selector selects the
element in which the attribute value contains
a specified value.
• Syntax CSS [attribute*="value"] selector

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
[class*="te"] {
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

7. CSS Group Selector
• The grouping selector is used to select all the
elements with the same style definitions.
• Grouping selector is used to minimize the code.
Commas are used to separate each selector in
grouping.
h1,h2,p {
text-align: center;
color: blue;
}

<html>
<head>
<style>
h1, h2, p {
text-align: center;
color: blue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello Javatpoint.com</h1>
<h2>Hello Javatpoint.com (In smaller font)</h2>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

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