2. A biofilm (form a slimy coat) : protective matrix consisting
of various polysaccharides and proteins. It covers surfaces
like a film and allows the bacteria to adhere firmly to various
structures (e.g., skin, heart valves, prosthetic joints, and
catheters).
Exopolysaccharide matrix(glycocalyx) is an important
component of biofilms that excrete from bacteria cause
organisms multiply and persist in colonies within this
material.
diffusion barrier for some antimicrobials--> persistent and
difficult to treat , but other antimicrobials may bind to it
3. Biofilms play an important role in the persistence
of Pseudomonas in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients,
Staphylococcus epidermidis and viridans streptococci that
cause endocarditis, and also mediates adherence of certain
bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, to the surface of
teeth.in the formation of dental plaque, the precursor of
dental caries.
5. Acute pyelonephritis
Symptoms
-Acute onset of fevers, chills
-back pain
-lower-tract symptoms such as dysuria, frequency,
and urgency
-Nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea are common
Signs
-costovertebral angle tenderness
-fever and tachycardia
7. Urethritis
Symptoms
-Dysuria (No frequency or urgency)
-Discharge from the urethra (predominantly
males)
-Vaginal discharge possible
Signs
-mucopurulent urethral discharge on physical
examination
8. Recurrent urinary tract infections
with urease-producing organisms
Proteus mirabilis,
Pseudomonas aeroginosa,
and, less
commonly, Klebsiella spp.,
Staphylococcus spp.,
and Mycoplasma spp. (but
not E coli)
Hydrolyze urea to ammonia
Urine alkalinization
Struvite stone
pH 犢犖犢犖犢犖犖 犢犖犖÷顕犖萎肩犖÷犖犢犖犖迦牽犖犖犖犖萎犖犖犖犖犖犖犖巌犖
Staghorn calculi
