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Cell (by anshul)

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Anshul Agrawal
Anshul Agrawal

The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology. It defines the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of life. It describes some of the major discoveries in cell theory and outlines the basic structures of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other organelles. It also discusses cell size, types of cells (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic), and methods of transport across the cell membrane.

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SHIV JYOTI CONVENTSHIV JYOTI CONVENT SCHOOLSCHOOL HOME ASSIGNMENT SCINCESCINCE TO : Eesha Maam By : Anshul Agrawal ix - A 2013
Chapter 5Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit ofThe Fundamental Unit of LifeLife
Introduction :Introduction : Cell is a Latin word for a little room. Cell is the structural and functional unit of life . Cell Biology is the study of cell in all respect of structure and function . Cell
Discovery of cell :Discovery of cell : a.Robert Hooke - (1665) observed dead cell which resembled honeycomb like structures in cork (comes from bark tree) .He called these boxes cell . b.Anton Von Leeuwenhoek (1674)first to observe living cell in pond water . c.Robert Brown (1831) discovered the nucleus .
Cell theory :Cell theory : The cell theory was formulated by two German biologists , M.J.Schleiden in 1838 , a botanist and T.Schwann , a zoologist in 1839 . According to them , the cell is the structural and functional unit of all living beings . The cell theory was further expanded by virchow .
Size of cell :Size of cell : Normal size in human 20um to 30um in diameter Largest cell : In animals Ostrich egg In plants Acetabularia Longest cell : In animals Nerve cell In plants Hemp fibre Smallest cell : PPLO - Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organism
On the basis of numbers of cells , the cellsOn the basis of numbers of cells , the cells are of three types :are of three types : a.Unicellular amoeba , bacteria b.Multicellular - human beings , plants c.Acellular - virus
Two types of cellTwo types of cell ProkaryoticProkaryotic a.a. No organized nucleusNo organized nucleus b.b. No membrane boundNo membrane bound organellesorganelles c.c. Found in bacteria andFound in bacteria and cyanobacteria .cyanobacteria . EukaryoticEukaryotic a.a. Organized nucleusOrganized nucleus b.b. Membrane boundMembrane bound organelles such asorganelles such as Golgi apparatus andGolgi apparatus and mitochondria .mitochondria .
Structure of cell :Structure of cell : a.Cell membrane b.Cytoplasm : Mitochondria Chloroplast Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi body Lysosomes Ribosomes Vacuole c.Nucleus
Cell membrane or plasma membrane :Cell membrane or plasma membrane : a. Boundary that separates the living cell from its non-living surroundings. b. Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell . c. Double layer of phospholipids & proteins . d. Protect cell . e. Selectively permeable - allows some molecules in and others are kept out .
Methods of Transport Across MembranesMethods of Transport Across Membranes Diffusion : Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Osmosis : The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Types of OsmosisTypes of Osmosis Hypotonic SolutionHypotonic Solution - One solution has a lower concentration of solute than another :- water moves in . Hypertonic SolutionHypertonic Solution - one solution has a higher concentra tion of solute than another :- Water moves out. Isotonic SolutionIsotonic Solution - both solutions have same concentra- -tion of solute :- water moves back .
a. Cell walls are present in plant cells and fungi . b. They make the cell strong and rigid . Cell WallCell Wall c. Supports and protects cell . d. Surrounds plasma membrane
a. Control center of cell b. Double membrane c. Contains a. Chromosomes b. Nucleolus NucleusNucleus a. Separates nucleus from rest of cell b. Double membrane c. Has pores Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane
a. Hereditary material b. Chromosomes a. DNA b. Proteins c. Chromatin DNADNA a. Most cells have 2 or more b. Directs synthesis of RNA c. Forms ribosomes NucleolusNucleolus
a. Viscous fluid containing organelles b. components of cytoplasm a. Interconnected filaments & fibers b. Fluid = cytosol c. Organelles (not nucleus) d. storage substances CytoplasmCytoplasm
OrganellesOrganelles a. Cellular machinery b. Two general kinds a. Derived from membranes b. Bacteria-like organelles
a. Helps move substances within cells b. Network of interconnected membranes c. Two types :- Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER a.Ribosomes attached to surface b.May modify proteins from ribosomes Smooth ER a.No attached ribosome's b.Has enzymes that help build molecules a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids
a. Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall b. Packaging & shipping station of cell Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus Function a. Molecules come in vesicles from ER b. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane c. Molecules may be modified by Golgi d. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle e. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus f. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents
a. Lysosomes are vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus. b. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and are involved in intracellular digestion. c. Digestion within the cell disposes of worn-out cell parts and is necessary for cell rejuvenation. d. Vacuoles (large) and vesicles (small) are membranous sacs in the cell that store substances. e. Vacuoles and vesicles can store a variety of substances for the cell. Anything from water to plant pigments and toxic substances are stored in these membranous sacs. Lysosomes and VacuolesLysosomes and Vacuoles
a. Have their own DNA b. Bound by double membrane c. Also known as Powerhouse of the cell a. Glucose b. Fatty acids d. Release energy a. ATP MitochondriaMitochondria
a. Chloroplasts are only in plant cells b. They contain chlorophyll, which helps make energy/food from sunlight c. Chlorophyll is green in color. PlastidsPlastids Chloroplast : Chromoplasts : a. Pigment synthesis and storage b. Chromoplasts are red yellow and orange in colour c. Found in petals of flower and fruits Leucoplast : a. Leucoplasts are colourless or white plastid . b. Synthesis of oil and proteins c. Occur in plant cell not exposed to light .
Bibliography http://www.cbc.umn.edu/~mwd/cell_www/chapter2/me mbrane.html http://http://microscopy.bio-microscopy.bio- rad.com/moviesandimages/Neuroscience.htmrad.com/moviesandimages/Neuroscience.htm http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mitohttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mito chondria.htmlchondria.html http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/mitochondria_1.htm#ihttp://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/mitochondria_1.htm#i nner%20membranenner%20membrane

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Cell (by anshul)

  • 1. SHIV JYOTI CONVENTSHIV JYOTI CONVENT SCHOOLSCHOOL HOME ASSIGNMENT SCINCESCINCE TO : Eesha Maam By : Anshul Agrawal ix - A 2013
  • 2. Chapter 5Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit ofThe Fundamental Unit of LifeLife
  • 3. Introduction :Introduction : Cell is a Latin word for a little room. Cell is the structural and functional unit of life . Cell Biology is the study of cell in all respect of structure and function . Cell
  • 4. Discovery of cell :Discovery of cell : a.Robert Hooke - (1665) observed dead cell which resembled honeycomb like structures in cork (comes from bark tree) .He called these boxes cell . b.Anton Von Leeuwenhoek (1674)first to observe living cell in pond water . c.Robert Brown (1831) discovered the nucleus .
  • 5. Cell theory :Cell theory : The cell theory was formulated by two German biologists , M.J.Schleiden in 1838 , a botanist and T.Schwann , a zoologist in 1839 . According to them , the cell is the structural and functional unit of all living beings . The cell theory was further expanded by virchow .
  • 6. Size of cell :Size of cell : Normal size in human 20um to 30um in diameter Largest cell : In animals Ostrich egg In plants Acetabularia Longest cell : In animals Nerve cell In plants Hemp fibre Smallest cell : PPLO - Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organism
  • 7. On the basis of numbers of cells , the cellsOn the basis of numbers of cells , the cells are of three types :are of three types : a.Unicellular amoeba , bacteria b.Multicellular - human beings , plants c.Acellular - virus
  • 8. Two types of cellTwo types of cell ProkaryoticProkaryotic a.a. No organized nucleusNo organized nucleus b.b. No membrane boundNo membrane bound organellesorganelles c.c. Found in bacteria andFound in bacteria and cyanobacteria .cyanobacteria . EukaryoticEukaryotic a.a. Organized nucleusOrganized nucleus b.b. Membrane boundMembrane bound organelles such asorganelles such as Golgi apparatus andGolgi apparatus and mitochondria .mitochondria .
  • 9. Structure of cell :Structure of cell : a.Cell membrane b.Cytoplasm : Mitochondria Chloroplast Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi body Lysosomes Ribosomes Vacuole c.Nucleus
  • 10. Cell membrane or plasma membrane :Cell membrane or plasma membrane : a. Boundary that separates the living cell from its non-living surroundings. b. Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell . c. Double layer of phospholipids & proteins . d. Protect cell . e. Selectively permeable - allows some molecules in and others are kept out .
  • 11. Methods of Transport Across MembranesMethods of Transport Across Membranes Diffusion : Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Osmosis : The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
  • 12. Types of OsmosisTypes of Osmosis Hypotonic SolutionHypotonic Solution - One solution has a lower concentration of solute than another :- water moves in . Hypertonic SolutionHypertonic Solution - one solution has a higher concentra tion of solute than another :- Water moves out. Isotonic SolutionIsotonic Solution - both solutions have same concentra- -tion of solute :- water moves back .
  • 13. a. Cell walls are present in plant cells and fungi . b. They make the cell strong and rigid . Cell WallCell Wall c. Supports and protects cell . d. Surrounds plasma membrane
  • 14. a. Control center of cell b. Double membrane c. Contains a. Chromosomes b. Nucleolus NucleusNucleus a. Separates nucleus from rest of cell b. Double membrane c. Has pores Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane
  • 15. a. Hereditary material b. Chromosomes a. DNA b. Proteins c. Chromatin DNADNA a. Most cells have 2 or more b. Directs synthesis of RNA c. Forms ribosomes NucleolusNucleolus
  • 16. a. Viscous fluid containing organelles b. components of cytoplasm a. Interconnected filaments & fibers b. Fluid = cytosol c. Organelles (not nucleus) d. storage substances CytoplasmCytoplasm
  • 17. OrganellesOrganelles a. Cellular machinery b. Two general kinds a. Derived from membranes b. Bacteria-like organelles
  • 18. a. Helps move substances within cells b. Network of interconnected membranes c. Two types :- Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER a.Ribosomes attached to surface b.May modify proteins from ribosomes Smooth ER a.No attached ribosome's b.Has enzymes that help build molecules a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids
  • 19. a. Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall b. Packaging & shipping station of cell Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus Function a. Molecules come in vesicles from ER b. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane c. Molecules may be modified by Golgi d. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle e. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus f. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents
  • 20. a. Lysosomes are vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus. b. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and are involved in intracellular digestion. c. Digestion within the cell disposes of worn-out cell parts and is necessary for cell rejuvenation. d. Vacuoles (large) and vesicles (small) are membranous sacs in the cell that store substances. e. Vacuoles and vesicles can store a variety of substances for the cell. Anything from water to plant pigments and toxic substances are stored in these membranous sacs. Lysosomes and VacuolesLysosomes and Vacuoles
  • 21. a. Have their own DNA b. Bound by double membrane c. Also known as Powerhouse of the cell a. Glucose b. Fatty acids d. Release energy a. ATP MitochondriaMitochondria
  • 22. a. Chloroplasts are only in plant cells b. They contain chlorophyll, which helps make energy/food from sunlight c. Chlorophyll is green in color. PlastidsPlastids Chloroplast : Chromoplasts : a. Pigment synthesis and storage b. Chromoplasts are red yellow and orange in colour c. Found in petals of flower and fruits Leucoplast : a. Leucoplasts are colourless or white plastid . b. Synthesis of oil and proteins c. Occur in plant cell not exposed to light .