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Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02

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Dewi Sivasamy
Dewi Sivasamy

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

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Cell Structure & Organisation
Chapter Outline (a) identify cell structures (including organelles) of typical plant and animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and as seen under the light microscope using prepared slides and fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique: • chloroplasts • cell membrane • cell wall • cytoplasm • cell vacuoles • nucleus
Chapter Outline (b) identify the following organelles from diagrams and electronmicrographs: • mitochondria • ribosomes (c) state the functions of the organelles identified above (d) compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells
Chapter Outline (e) state, in simple terms, the relationship between cell function and cell structure for the following: • absorption – root hair cells • conduction and support – xylem vessels • transport of oxygen – red blood cells (f) differentiate cell, tissue, organ and organ system
What is a cell? • Building blocks of life • Simplest units of life • Chemical reactions in the cell keeps us alive
Cells Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells
Cells Embryonic Stem Cells
Other Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell
Cells What does a cell consists of? Each living cell consists of living material called protoplasm. Protoplasm: • Water makes up 70% of protoplasm • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Fats
Protoplasm 1) Cell Surface Membrane 2) Cytoplasm 3) Nucleus
Cell Structures in Plant and Animal Cells • nucleus • cytoplasm • cell membrane • cell wall • cell vacuoles • ribosomes • mitochondria • chloroplasts
Animal and Plant Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell Structure and Function: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
Animal Cell
Animal Cell
Cell Surface Membrane • Surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell • Partially permeable membrane – Allows some substances but not all to move in and out of the cell
Cytoplasm • Between the cell surface membrane and the nucleus • Contains enzymes and organelles
Nucleus • Surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope • Contains one or more nucleoli • Contains chromatin Functions of the nucleus: 1. Controls cell activities such as cell growth and the repair of worn-out parts 2. Essential for cell division Nucleolus
Organelles in the Cytoplasm • Mitochondria • Ribosomes • Chloroplasts (only in plant cells) • Cell vacuoles
Mitochondria • Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria • Energy production • Energy used to perform cell activities such as growth and reproduction
Ribosomes • Required for protein synthesis in the cell
Vacuoles in Animal Cells • A vacuole is a fluid-filled space enclosed by a membrane • Animal cells have many small vacuoles that contain water and food substances such as proteins and carbohydrates
Pop Quiz! Label and identify the diagram D A E B F C
Plant Cell Plant Cells: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
Plant Cell
Differences Between Animal and Plant Cells Animal Cells Plant Cells Cell wall absent Cell wall present Chloroplasts absent Chloroplasts present Vacuoles are small, Vacuoles are large, sap- temporary in animal cells filled in plant cells
Cell Wall • Surrounds the cell surface membrane • Cell wall is made of cellulose • Protects the cell from injury • Gives the plant cell a fixed shape • Cell wall is fully permeable
Chloroplasts • Found only in plant cells • Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll • Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis, the process by which plants make food
Vacuoles in Plant Cells • Plant cells usually have a large central vacuole which contains a liquid called cell sap • Cell sap contains dissolved substances such as sugars, mineral salts and amino acids
Pop Quiz! Label and identify the diagram A D B E C F
Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02
Specialised Cells Red Blood Cell Sperm Cell Nerve Cell Root Hair Cell Egg Cell
Cell Differentiation The process by which cells develop special structures or lose certain structures to enable them to carry out specific functions. Hence, cells become differentiated to form specialised cells. The structure of each cell is adapted to perform the specific functions of the cell.
Cell Differentiation
How is cell structure related to cell function? 1) Red Blood Cell Cell Structure Adaptation to Function Contains haemoglobin Haemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. No nucleus Carry more haemoglobin which leads to increased transport of oxygen. Circular biconcave shape Increased surface area to volume ratio of the cell. Hence, increased transport of oxygen.
How is cell structure related to cell function? 2) Xylem Vessel Cell Structure Adaptation to Function Long hollow tubes (no Enables water to move protoplasm) easily through the lumen. Lignified walls Lignin strengthens the walls and prevents the xylem vessels from collapsing.
How is cell structure related to cell function? 3) Root Hair Cell Cell Structure Adaptation to Function Long and narrow Increased surface area to volume ratio of the cell which leads to increased absorption of water and mineral salts from the soil. Specialised Plant and Animal Cells: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
How do cells work together in a multi-cellular organism? Organisation in Living Things: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
Tissue A tissue is a group of similar cells which work together to perform a specific function. Examples of tissues: • Muscle, the lining of the intestine, the lining of the lungs, phloem, root hair tissue Connective Tissue
Organ Different tissues may be combined together to form organs. An organ is a structure made up of different tissues working together to perform a specific function. Examples of organs: • Heart, lung, brain, leaf, root Lungs
An organ is a structure made up of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.
Organ System Organs work together to form organ systems. Various systems work together to make up the entire organism. Examples of organ systems: • Circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system and reproductive system Circulatory System
Organ Systems
Organs work together to form organ systems. System Organs Digestive Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Respiratory Trachea Lungs
Pop Quiz! Q1. Write out the order of cell organisation within an organism. Q2. Give an example of an animal system with the order of cell organisation stated above.
Pop Quiz! Q1. Write out the order of cell organisation within an organism. Organism
Pop Quiz! Q2. Give an example of an animal system with the order of cell organisation stated above. • Intestinal cell  intestinal muscle  small intestine  digestive system  human • Nerve cell  nerve tissue  eye  sensory system  bird

More Related Content

Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02

  • 1. Cell Structure & Organisation
  • 2. Chapter Outline (a) identify cell structures (including organelles) of typical plant and animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and as seen under the light microscope using prepared slides and fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique: • chloroplasts • cell membrane • cell wall • cytoplasm • cell vacuoles • nucleus
  • 3. Chapter Outline (b) identify the following organelles from diagrams and electronmicrographs: • mitochondria • ribosomes (c) state the functions of the organelles identified above (d) compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells
  • 4. Chapter Outline (e) state, in simple terms, the relationship between cell function and cell structure for the following: • absorption – root hair cells • conduction and support – xylem vessels • transport of oxygen – red blood cells (f) differentiate cell, tissue, organ and organ system
  • 5. What is a cell? • Building blocks of life • Simplest units of life • Chemical reactions in the cell keeps us alive
  • 6. Cells Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells
  • 8. Other Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell
  • 9. Cells What does a cell consists of? Each living cell consists of living material called protoplasm. Protoplasm: • Water makes up 70% of protoplasm • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Fats
  • 10. Protoplasm 1) Cell Surface Membrane 2) Cytoplasm 3) Nucleus
  • 11. Cell Structures in Plant and Animal Cells • nucleus • cytoplasm • cell membrane • cell wall • cell vacuoles • ribosomes • mitochondria • chloroplasts
  • 12. Animal and Plant Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell Structure and Function: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
  • 15. Cell Surface Membrane • Surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell • Partially permeable membrane – Allows some substances but not all to move in and out of the cell
  • 16. Cytoplasm • Between the cell surface membrane and the nucleus • Contains enzymes and organelles
  • 17. Nucleus • Surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope • Contains one or more nucleoli • Contains chromatin Functions of the nucleus: 1. Controls cell activities such as cell growth and the repair of worn-out parts 2. Essential for cell division Nucleolus
  • 18. Organelles in the Cytoplasm • Mitochondria • Ribosomes • Chloroplasts (only in plant cells) • Cell vacuoles
  • 19. Mitochondria • Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria • Energy production • Energy used to perform cell activities such as growth and reproduction
  • 20. Ribosomes • Required for protein synthesis in the cell
  • 21. Vacuoles in Animal Cells • A vacuole is a fluid-filled space enclosed by a membrane • Animal cells have many small vacuoles that contain water and food substances such as proteins and carbohydrates
  • 22. Pop Quiz! Label and identify the diagram D A E B F C
  • 23. Plant Cell Plant Cells: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
  • 25. Differences Between Animal and Plant Cells Animal Cells Plant Cells Cell wall absent Cell wall present Chloroplasts absent Chloroplasts present Vacuoles are small, Vacuoles are large, sap- temporary in animal cells filled in plant cells
  • 26. Cell Wall • Surrounds the cell surface membrane • Cell wall is made of cellulose • Protects the cell from injury • Gives the plant cell a fixed shape • Cell wall is fully permeable
  • 27. Chloroplasts • Found only in plant cells • Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll • Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis, the process by which plants make food
  • 28. Vacuoles in Plant Cells • Plant cells usually have a large central vacuole which contains a liquid called cell sap • Cell sap contains dissolved substances such as sugars, mineral salts and amino acids
  • 29. Pop Quiz! Label and identify the diagram A D B E C F
  • 31. Specialised Cells Red Blood Cell Sperm Cell Nerve Cell Root Hair Cell Egg Cell
  • 32. Cell Differentiation The process by which cells develop special structures or lose certain structures to enable them to carry out specific functions. Hence, cells become differentiated to form specialised cells. The structure of each cell is adapted to perform the specific functions of the cell.
  • 34. How is cell structure related to cell function? 1) Red Blood Cell Cell Structure Adaptation to Function Contains haemoglobin Haemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. No nucleus Carry more haemoglobin which leads to increased transport of oxygen. Circular biconcave shape Increased surface area to volume ratio of the cell. Hence, increased transport of oxygen.
  • 35. How is cell structure related to cell function? 2) Xylem Vessel Cell Structure Adaptation to Function Long hollow tubes (no Enables water to move protoplasm) easily through the lumen. Lignified walls Lignin strengthens the walls and prevents the xylem vessels from collapsing.
  • 36. How is cell structure related to cell function? 3) Root Hair Cell Cell Structure Adaptation to Function Long and narrow Increased surface area to volume ratio of the cell which leads to increased absorption of water and mineral salts from the soil. Specialised Plant and Animal Cells: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
  • 37. How do cells work together in a multi-cellular organism? Organisation in Living Things: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
  • 38. Tissue A tissue is a group of similar cells which work together to perform a specific function. Examples of tissues: • Muscle, the lining of the intestine, the lining of the lungs, phloem, root hair tissue Connective Tissue
  • 39. Organ Different tissues may be combined together to form organs. An organ is a structure made up of different tissues working together to perform a specific function. Examples of organs: • Heart, lung, brain, leaf, root Lungs
  • 40. An organ is a structure made up of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.
  • 41. Organ System Organs work together to form organ systems. Various systems work together to make up the entire organism. Examples of organ systems: • Circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system and reproductive system Circulatory System
  • 43. Organs work together to form organ systems. System Organs Digestive Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Respiratory Trachea Lungs
  • 44. Pop Quiz! Q1. Write out the order of cell organisation within an organism. Q2. Give an example of an animal system with the order of cell organisation stated above.
  • 45. Pop Quiz! Q1. Write out the order of cell organisation within an organism. Organism
  • 46. Pop Quiz! Q2. Give an example of an animal system with the order of cell organisation stated above. • Intestinal cell  intestinal muscle  small intestine  digestive system  human • Nerve cell  nerve tissue  eye  sensory system  bird

Editor's Notes

  • #18: Chromatin contains the hereditary material known as DNA.
  • #23: Animal cell
  • #47: Red Blood cell  blood  ?  circulatory system  Human