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Islamic Pottery or Pottery of the Arab World *Photograph scans in this presentation are from Pottery of the Islamic World In the Tareq Rajab Museum, Geza Fehervari, 1998.

Defining Islamic/Arab Islamic pottery: Islamic Empire ( Iran, Turkey and Spain) Arab world pottery: would include, Phoenician, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, etc..

Pre-Islamic pottery types Unglazed, unsophisticated everyday wares Moulded, relief or painted

Methods: Hand Wheel Mold Drying: some vessels were cracked and wrapped Firing: 900-1000 C

Decorating pots: Stamps Slips sgraffiato incised through the slip to the pot Appliqué Painting- under glaze: decorating under the glaze, usually blue and black- this technique later developed into the Iznik style pottery. Over glaze: decorating after the pot has been fired, requires another firing(600-700 C) In-glaze: early Islam, opaque white glaze(powder like), pigment of cobalt blue for decorating, liquid was absorbed from the pigment and thus it became one with the glaze.

Glazing can be done once the pot is dried or after firing, firing makes the pot stronger ( if there is a puddle of glaze in the center then the pot was upright when fired, if there is some gathered at the rim the pot was fired face down) Transparent Or opaque: tin oxide(imitating the Chinese porcelain) How was the glaze made? Two materials were combined, and heated until dry then crushed into a powder . water or vinegar was added to make the glaze toxic materials! Firing once again:

Open firing: http://islamicceramics.ashmolean.org/Technology/firing-kiln.htm Kiln firing: http://islamicceramics.ashmolean.org/Technology/firing-kiln.htm

pre and early Islamic periods 2nd - 8th century Faience- originated in Egypt

early Abbasid period: Iran, Iraq and Central Asia(9th to early 11th century) Lead glazed relief ware Origin is Roman Earthenware Moulded decoration Imitating metal vessels

Lead glazed relief ware-Syria Roman Earthen ware Moulded decoration Imitating metal vessels

Splashed ware Surface decorations of green, brown, yellow under transparent glaze. Inspired and related to Chinese T’ang period polychrome

Opaque white or tin glazed Imitating Chinese white porcelain Cobalt blue (Iraq) Copper green, yellow, inscriptions (Iran)

Slip painted ware- Iran Slip applied to prevent the color from running. Nishapur polychrome(humans) Manganese purple over white(Kufic) Polychrome on white ground slip, red, yellow and green Yellow staining black ware

Lustre-painting Already used by the Copts of Egypt Brown, red, and yellow colors

Fatimid period in Egypt and North Africa ( 10th - 12th century) golden age of pottery production

Colored monochrome glaze Yellowish or red earthenware Coated with color monochrome glaze Decorated with incised florals Lustre painted wares North African polychrome painted in glaze wares

Lustre painted wares Figural designs, every day activities Elaborate drawings Baytar(10-11)

North African polychrome painted in glaze wares(Morroco, Algeria,Tunisia, Libya, and Spain) Development of splashed ware Yellow, manganese against a mustard or dark yellow background

Iranian Sgraffiato(11th- 13th)

the Seljuk period of Iran(11th-13th) 1- Sgraffiato- Egyptian Copts Designs are carved out then glazed with transparent glaze Amol ware- Caspian sea- green, red lead glaze Champleve- incised out of the slip Aghkand ware- polychrome sgraffiato- animals and birds

Bamiyan bowls- large pedastal characterized by manganese and green splashes. 2- composite white fritwares, Seljuk white, 3- silhouette wares evolved from champleve Designs were painted rather than incising. 4- lustre ware-

Ayyubid ceramics of Syria and Egypt ( 12th=13th) Laqbi, l’abi- partially incised and partially relief- plates or dishes-birds or animals. Sgraffiato Monochrome underglazed Blue and white wares

The ilkhanid and timurid pds of Iran and central asia 13th -16th Monochrome Lustre: changes, rounded flaring sides, cobalt blue Underglazed Sultanabad pottery- A-grey slip, designs were moulded and reserved in white with black outlines B- painted in two colors black, cobalt blue(blue)- rounded sides, with everted and inverted flat rims C-round bowls with flaring sides in two or three colors under a clear glaze Change in Minai ware, black, white and red, relief designs; New types introduced: blue and white

Mamluk ceramics of Lebanon ( 13th- 16th) Glazed : sgraffito, slipped beneath a lead glaze Yellow and green glaze Yellow and brown slip ; lead glaze; tin glaze; alkaline glaze unglazed

Hispano Moresque ceramics of Spain 13th-18th Malaga- production centers Moorish patterns were replaced by European coat of arms, ships and animals

Safavid and Qajar Ceramics(18th-19th) Kubachi wares: several types, blue, black and green; blue scrollwork and flowers, polychrome, human, landscapes Celadon imitations: Blue and white Kirman polychrome; black was used to outline the designs Late lustre:lost appeal in 14 th century gained some back: chocolate brown, copper red even pinkish Gombroon: finest wares,fine and thin faience body; open work similar to Chinese Qajar polychrome: mid 19 th water pipe base, flowers,

Ceramics of Ottoman Turkey (16th-19th) Iznik major pottery center Iznik pottery : polychrome in red, blue, green and white

Morrocan ceramic(18th- 19th Little is known about early production of this type until the 17 th century Fes was an important center When Granada fell potters moved to Morocco Polychrome Large bowls, ewers and dishes Yelow, or white groundslip painted with blue, green and black; floral and geometric

Modern pottery: Jerusalem pottery Interesting audio: Changing times jeopardize Lebanon's long relationship with pottery http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=1&article_id=97188

Additional Resources Book http://books.google.com/books?id=B2f0PX1bi18C&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=Museum+of+Islamic+Pottery,&source=bl&ots=dBBh8YXCZL&sig=6AKRK_2GGDvjQa2elmgiiiaptQE&hl=en&ei=R0sCSty0CIGUMsP-1eEH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#PPA23,M1 Museum collection http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1158658353493&pagename=Zone-English-Youth%2FYTELayout Article: http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/islamicHome.htm Study: http://islamicceramics.ashmolean.org/

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Ceramics Of The Arab World(3)

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