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PositionofHydrogeninPeriodic
T
able
*Lighteste
l
e
m
e
n
tk
n
o
w
nh
a
v
i
n
ga
t
o
m
i
cn
u
m
b
e
r
1.
* D
i
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
*It r
e
s
e
m
b
l
e
sb
o
t
halkalim
e
t
a
l
sa
n
dh
a
l
o
g
e
n
s
a
n
dtherefore,itsp
o
s
i
t
i
o
nis a
n
o
m
a
l
o
u
s
.
* Inm
o
d
e
r
nperio
di
ctableit isl
o
c
a
t
e
d
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
l
y

Resemblance with
alkali metals:-
1.Electronic
configuration 1
H= 1
s
1
1
1
N
a=1
s
2
,2
s
2
,2
p
6
,
3
s
1
1
9
K=1
s
2
,2
s
2
,2
p
6
,
3
s
2
3
p
6
, 4
s
1
2.Ele
ctropositiv
e
character:H+,Na+,
K
+ etc.
3.Ox
id
ati
onstate: +
1
4.C
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
nwithe
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
ee
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
:f
o
r
mbinaryc
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s

Resemblancewith
halogens:-
n
o
b
l
egas
configuration
1.Electronic configuration:
Bothcontai
no
n
ee
l
ec
t
r
o
nlesst
h
a
n
t
h
e1H= 1s1(
ne
a
rt
o 2He)
9F=1s2,2s2,2
p
5(
n
e
a
rt
o 8Ne)
17K=1s2,2s2,2
p
6
,3s23p5(
n
e
a
r
t
o 18Ar)
2.Non-m
etalliccharacter:likehalogens,h
y
d
r
o
g
e
nis non-metallicin
n
a
t
u
r
e
.
3.Atomicity:Diatomic m
o
l
e
c
u
l
e
s
.
4.F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
nofsimilart
y
p
e
sof c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
:
i.Halides:CCl4,SiCl4, GeCl4
ii.Hydrides:CH4,SiH4, G
e
H
4
5.Ox
id
ati
onstate:–
1 Na+1H-1

Differencefromalkali
metals:-
1)Ionizationenthalpy:- t
h
eionizatione
n
t
h
a
l
p
yo
fh
y
d
r
o
g
e
nisv
e
r
y
h
i
g
hin c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
ntoalkali m
e
t
a
l
s
.
2)N
o
n
-metalliccharacter:alkalim
e
t
a
l
saretypicalm
e
t
a
l
sw
h
ile
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
nis
n
o
n
-
m
e
t
a
l
3)Atomicity:h
y
d
r
o
g
e
nisd
i
a
t
o
m
i
cw
h
ilealkalim
e
t
a
l
sare
m
o
n
o
a
t
o
m
i
c
.
4)N
atu
r
eo
fc
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
:t
h
ec
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
so
fh
y
d
r
o
g
e
nare
p
r
e
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
l
yc
o
v
a
l
e
n
tw
h
ilet
h
o
s
eo
falkalim
e
t
a
l
sareionic.F
or
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
:HCli
s c
o
v
a
l
e
n
t
w
h
ileN
aC
lis ionic.
T
h
eo
x
i
d
e
so
falkali m
e
t
a
l
sareb
a
s
i
cw
h
ileh
y
d
r
o
g
e
no
x
i
d
eis
neutral.

Differencefrom halogens:-
1)L
e
s
st
e
n
d
e
n
c
yforh
y
d
r
i
d
ef
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
:
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
nh
a
sl
e
s
st
e
n
d
e
n
c
ytotake
u
p
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ntof
o
r
mh
y
d
r
i
d
ei
o
n(H-)a
sc
o
m
p
a
r
e
dtot
h
eh
a
l
o
g
e
n
sw
h
i
c
h
f
r
o
mhalidei
o
n
s(X-)v
e
r
y easily
.
2)A
b
s
e
n
c
eo
fu
n
s
h
a
r
e
dpairso
fe
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s :
3)N
atu
r
eo
fo
x
i
d
e
s
:T
h
eo
x
i
d
e
so
fh
a
l
o
g
e
n
sarea
cid
icw
h
ileh
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
o
x
i
d
eis neutral.
Occurrenceof Hydrogen:
* Hydro
gen,t
h
em
o
s
ta
b
u
n
d
a
n
te
l
e
m
e
n
tint
h
euniverse
a
n
d t
h
e
thirdm
o
s
ta
b
u
n
d
a
n
to
nt
h
esurfaceoft
h
eglobe,is being
visualised ast
h
em
a
j
o
rf
u
t
u
r
es
ourceof e
n
e
r
g
y

Preparation
:M
e
t
h
o
d
sforc
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
lp
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
no
f d
i
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
1.Electr
oly
siso
f
wa
te
r 2H2O(l)
2H2(g) O
2
(g)
*T
h
eh
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
db
ythis
m
e
t
h
o
disofv
e
r
y
h
i
g
hpurity
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,this
m
e
t
h
o
disn
o
tc
o
m
m
o
n
l
yu
s
e
db
e
c
a
u
s
eit isv
e
r
ye
x
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
.T
h
i
sm
e
t
h
o
d
isc
a
nb
eu
s
e
do
n
l
yatt
h
o
s
ep
l
a
c
e
sw
h
e
r
et
h
eelectricityis c
h
e
a
p
.
*B
yt
h
er
ea
c
tio
nofs
t
e
a
mo
n
c
o
k
e:- C+H
2
O(g)C
O+ H
2
W
aterg
a
s
*S
i
n
c
et
h
emix
tureo
fC
Oa
n
dH
2isu
s
e
dfort
h
es
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
so
fm
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
a
n
dan
u
m
b
e
ro
fh
y
d
r
o
c
a
r
b
o
n
s
,it isa
l
s
oca
lleds
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
sg
a
sors
y
n

Propertiesof
Hydrogen:-
* P
hysical P
roperties:-
1)It is slightlysolubleinw
a
t
e
r(
a
b
o
u
t2 %)
2)It is highlyc
o
m
b
u
s
t
i
b
l
ea
n
dt
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
eshouldb
eh
a
n
d
l
e
d
carefully
.
3)It lightests
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
.T
h
ew
e
i
g
h
tofo
n
elitreh
y
d
r
o
g
e
na
t
NTPis only0
.0899 g.
*Chemicalproperties:-Notveryreactiveduetohigh
bond dissociation energy
(435.88k
Jm
o
l
-
1at2
9
8
.
2 K)
(i)C
o
m
b
u
s
t
i
o
n
:- It b
u
r
n
swithp
a
l
eb
l
u
e
f
l
a
m
e2
H
2(g)+O
2(g) 2H2O(l)
(ii)R
e
a
c
t
i
o
nwithm
e
ta
l
s
:-
Re
a
c
t
i
v
em
e
t
a
l
slikeNa,K,Ca,Lia
n
df
o
r
m
h
y
d
ri
d
e
s
.C
a+ H
2
C
a
H
2
* M
e
ta
l
slikePt,P
d
,Ni(
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
sofdblo
ck
)f
o
r
minterstitialh
y
d
r
i
d
e
sb
y
a
b
s
o
r
b
i
n
glargev
o
l
u
m
eo
fh
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
.S
u
c
hh
y
d
r
o
g
e
ni
scalled‘
o
c
c
l
u
d
e
d
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
na
n
dthispropertyo
fa
d
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
nofag
a
sb
yam
e
t
a
li
scalled
o
c
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
.

Hydrogenationof
oils:-
V
e
g
e
t
a
b
l
eoilsarep
o
l
y
u
n
s
a
t
u
r
a
t
e
dinnature.T
h
eC
=
Cb
o
n
d
s
in oilsc
a
nea
si
l
yu
n
d
e
r
g
oo
xi
d
a
t
i
o
na
n
dt
h
eoilb
e
c
o
m
e
s
rancidi.e., u
n
p
l
e
a
s
a
n
tintaste.H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
a
t
i
o
nr
e
d
u
c
e
st
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
rofd
o
u
b
l
eb
o
n
d
sb
u
t c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
.
Usesof Hydrogen:-
1.a
sar
e
d
u
c
i
n
g a
g
e
n
t
.
2.Int
h
em
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
eo
fv
a
n
a
s
p
a
t
ifat,a
m
m
o
n
i
a
,m
e
t
a
lh
y
d
r
i
d
e
s
,
m
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
,fertilizerss
u
c
h
a
su
r
e
a etc.
3.Int
h
em
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
eo
fs
y
n
t
h
e
t
i
cpetrol.
4.Int
h
ea
t
o
m
i
ch
y
d
r
o
g
e
nt
or
cha
n
do
x
yh
y
d
r
o
g
e
nt
o
r
c
h
e
sforcutting
a
n
d w
e
l
d
i
n
g
.
D
i
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
nisd
i
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
dwitht
h
eh
e
l
po
fa
nelectrica
rca
n
d
t
h
eh
y
d
r
o
g
e
na
t
o
m
sp
r
o
d
u
c
e
da
rea
l
l
o
w
e
dtor
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
eo
nt
h
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
etob
ew
e
l
d
e
d
.H
i
g
ht
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
eo
fa
b
o
u
t4
0
0
0kis

Hydrid
es:-
U
n
d
e
rcertainc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
sH
2c
o
m
b
i
n
e
switha
l
m
o
s
tallt
he
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s,
e
x
c
e
p
tn
o
b
l
eg
a
s
e
stof
o
r
mc
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
scalled h
y
dr
i
d
e
s
.
* T
h
e
r
earethreet
y
p
e
so
fh
y
d
r
i
d
e
s,theyare
(i)Ionicors
a
l
i
n
e h
y
d
r
i
d
e
s
(ii)C
o
v
a
l
e
n
torm
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
rh
y
d
r
i
d
e
s(iii) Metallicorn
o
n
-
s
t
o
i
c
h
i
o
m
e
t
r
i
c hydrides(i)
Ionicors
a
l
i
n
e hydrides:-
* T
h
e
s
earet
h
ec
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
so
fH
2f
o
r
m
e
dwithm
o
s
toft
h
es
-
b
l
o
c
k
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
sw
h
i
c
hareh
i
gh
l
yel
ectro positive.
(ii) C
o
v
a
l
e
n
torm
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
rh
y
d
r
i
d
e
s
:
-
T
h
e
s
earet
h
ec
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
sof
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
o
r
m
e
dwithm
o
s
toft
h
ep
-
b
l
o
c
k e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
* E
lectrondeficient:-T
h
eh
y
d
r
i
d
e
sw
h
i
c
hd
on
o
th
a
v
esufficientn
u
m
b
e
rof
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
stof
o
r
mn
o
r
m
a
lc
o
v
a
l
e
n
tb
o
n
d
si
scallede
l
e
ct
rondeficienthydride.
For e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,h
y
d
r
i
d
eo
fg
r
o
u
p1
3(BH3,AlH3,etc.).Theyarek
n
o
w
na
s
L
e
w
i
sa
c
i
d
si.e.,e
l
e
c
tro
na
c
c
e
p
t
o
r
s
.T
om
a
k
eu
ptheird
e
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
yt
h
e
y
g
e
n
er
a
l
l
yex
i
stin p
o
l
y
m
e
r
i
cf
o
r
m
ss
u
c
ha
sB
2
H
6
,Al2H6, etc.

*Electron
precise:-
• T
h
eh
y
d
r
i
d
e
sw
h
i
c
hh
a
v
esufficientn
u
m
b
e
ro
f e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s
requiredforf
o
r
m
i
n
gc
o
v
a
l
e
n
tb
o
n
d
siscallede
l
e
c
t
r
o
np
r
e
c
i
s
ehydride.
F
or e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,h
y
d
r
i
d
e
so
fg
r
o
u
p1
4(CH4,SiH4,G
e
H
4
,S
n
H
4
,P
b
H
4
etc.)t
h
e
yh
a
v
e
tetrahedral g
e
o
m
e
t
r
y
.
*Electronrich hydrides:-
T
h
ehydridesw
h
i
c
hh
a
v
eexcesselec
t
ro
n
sas r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
of
o
r
mn
o
r
m
a
lc
o
v
a
len
tb
o
n
d
sis callede
l
e
c
t
r
o
nrichh
y
d
ri
de.For
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
, hydridesofg
ro
u
p15t
o17(NH3,PH3,H
2O,H2S,H2Se,
H
2T
e,HF e
t
c
.
)
#Metallicornon-stoichiometric hydrides:-
*T
h
e
s
ea
r
ef
o
r
m
e
db
y m
a
n
y d-blocka
n
d f-block e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
*T
h
e
s
eh
y
d
r
i
d
e
sc
o
n
d
u
c
t
sh
e
a
ta
n
d electricityt
h
o
u
g
hn
o
t efficient.

W
ater:
-
W
a
t
e
r
!It is t
h
em
a
j
o
rp
a
r
tofallliving o
r
g
a
n
i
s
m
s
.
w
a
t
e
ris also
k
n
o
w
n ast
h
eriverof life.
*H
u
m
a
nb
o
d
yh
a
sa
b
o
u
t65%ands
o
m
eplantsh
a
v
e
a
s
m
u
c
has
9
5
%
w
a
t
e
r
.
S
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
EO
F W
A
T
E
R
:
-
*In agasp
h
a
s
ew
a
t
e
ris b
e
n
tm
o
l
e
c
u
l
ew
i
t
hab
o
n
da
n
gleof
104
.5 a
n
dO-H
b
o
n
dl
en
g
t
hof9
5
.
7
p
mIt is highlypolar m
o
l
e
c
u
l
e
.
Structureof ice:-
Iceh
a
sahighlyo
r
d
e
r
e
d 3
D
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n b
o
n
d
e
d structure. E
a
c
h o
x
y
g
e
n
a
t
o
m is s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
e
d tetrahedrally b
y four
o
t
h
erfour o
t
h
ero
x
y
g
e
na
t
o
m
satad
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
o
f2
7
6p
m

ChemicalPropertiesof water:-
A
M
P
H
O
T
E
R
I
CN
A
T
U
R
E
:
-
It h
ast
h
eabilityt
oa
c
tasa
nacidaswellas b
a
s
e
.ita
ctsasa
nacidw
ithNH3a
n
dasab
a
s
ew
ith H2S
H2O(l)+NH3(aq)OH-(aq)+NH4+
(aq) H2O(l)+H2S(aq)H3O+(aq)
+HS- (aq)
R
E
D
O
XR
E
A
C
T
I
O
N
SI
N
V
O
L
V
I
N
G W
A
T
E
R
:
-
* W
a
t
e
rc
a
nb
eeasilyr
e
d
u
c
e
dt
oH2by
highlyelectropositive m
e
t
a
l
s
2H2O(l)+2Na(s)2NaOH(aq) +H2(g)
H
Y
D
R
O
L
Y
S
I
SR
E
A
C
T
I
O
N
:
-
*Duet
ohighdielectricc
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
,ithasa
very

H
Y
D
R
A
T
E
S F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
:
-
F
r
o
mt
h
ea
q
u
e
o
u
ss
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
sm
a
n
ys
a
l
t
sc
a
n b
e
crystallized a
s h
y
d
r
a
t
e
d salts. It of different t
y
p
e
s
.
(1)C
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
d wat
er e.g., [Cr(H2O)6]3+ 3Cl-
(2)Interstitialwat
er e
.
g
.
,
B
a
Cl
2
.
2
H2
O
(3)h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
-
b
o
n
d
e
dwa
te
re.g.[Cu(H2O)4]2+
4
S
O
2
-.H2Oin C
u
S
O
4
.
5
H
2
O

ch 9 hydrogen ppt-converted in inorganic chemistry

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ch 9 hydrogen ppt-converted in inorganic chemistry

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ch 9 hydrogen ppt-converted in inorganic chemistry