5. FFFFiiiinnnnaaaannnncccciiiiaaaallll SSSSttttaaaatttteeeemmmmeeeennnnttttssss aaaannnndddd FFFFiiiinnnnaaaannnncccciiiiaaaallll RRRReeeeppppoooorrrrttttiiiinnnngggg
Essential characteristics of accounting are:
(1) the identification, measurement, and
communication of financial information about
(2) economic entities to
(3) interested parties.
Chapter
1-5 LO 1 Identify the major financial statements and other means of ffiinnaanncciiaall rreeppoorrttiinngg..
6. FFFFiiiinnnnaaaannnncccciiiiaaaallll SSSSttttaaaatttteeeemmmmeeeennnnttttssss aaaannnndddd FFFFiiiinnnnaaaannnncccciiiiaaaallll RRRReeeeppppoooorrrrttttiiiinnnngggg
EEccoonnoommiicc EEnnttiittyy FFiinnaanncciiaall SSttaatteemmeennttss AAddddiittiioonnaall IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn
Financial
Information
Accounting?
Identifies
and
Measures
and
Communicates
Chapter
1-6
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Cash
Flows
Statement of
Owners’ or
Stockholders’ Equity
Note Disclosures
President’s letter
Prospectuses,
SEC Reporting
News releases
Forecasts
Environmental
Reports
Etc.
GGAAAAPP NNoott GGAAAAPP
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13. Chapter
1-13
NNNNeeeeeeeedddd ttttoooo DDDDeeeevvvveeeelllloooopppp SSSSttttaaaannnnddddaaaarrrrddddssss
Various users
need financial
information
The accounting profession
has attempted to develop a
set of standards that are
generally accepted and
universally practiced.
Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Stockholders’ Equity
Statement of Cash Flows
Note Disclosure
GGeenneerraallllyy AAcccceepptteedd
AAccccoouunnttiinngg PPrriinncciipplleess
((GGAAAAPP))
GGAAAAPP))
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14. Parties PPPaaarrrtttiiieeesss IIIInnnnvvvvoooollllvvvveeeedddd iiiinnnn SSSSttttaaaannnnddddaaaarrrrdddd SSSSeeeettttttttiiiinnnngggg
TThhrreeee oorrggaanniizzaattiioonnss::
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
American Institute of Certified Public
Chapter
1-14
Accountants (AICPA)
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
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tthheeiirr rroollee iinn tthhee ssttaannddaarrdd-sseettttiinngg pprroocceessss..
15. Chapter
1-15
SSSSeeeeccccuuuurrrriiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd EEEExxxxcccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeee CCCCoooommmmmmmmiiiissssssssiiiioooonnnn
Established by federal government
Accounting and reporting for public companies
SSeeccuurriittiieess
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SSeeccuurriittiieess
AAcctt ooff 11993333
SSeeccuurriittiieess
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SSeeccuurriittiieess
AAcctt ooff 11993344
Encouraged private standard-setting body
SEC requires public companies to adhere to GAAP
SEC Oversight
Enforcement Authority
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tthheeiirr rroollee iinn tthhee ssttaannddaarrdd-sseettttiinngg pprroocceessss..
16. Chapter
1-16
AAAAmmmmeeeerrrriiiiccccaaaannnn IIIInnnnssssttttiiiittttuuuutttteeee ooooffff CCCCPPPPAAAAssss
National professional organization
Established the following:
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PPrroocceedduurreess
CCoommmmiitttteeee oonn
AAccccoouunnttiinngg
PPrroocceedduurreess
AAccccoouunnttiinngg
PPrriinncciipplleess BBooaarrdd
AAccccoouunnttiinngg
PPrriinncciipplleess BBooaarrdd
1939 to 1959
Issued 51 Accounting
Research Bulletins
(ARBs)
Problem-by-problem
approach failed
1959 to 1973
Issued 31 Accounting
Principle Board
Opinions (APBOs)
Wheat Committee
recommendations
adopted in 1973
http://www.aicpa.org/
17. Chapter
1-17
Financial FFFiiinnnaaannnccciiiaaalll AAAAccccccccoooouuuunnnnttttiiiinnnngggg SSSSttttaaaannnnddddaaaarrrrddddssss BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd
Wheat Committee’s recommendations resulted in the creation of a
the FFiinnaanncciiaall AAccccoouunnttiinngg SSttaannddaarrddss BBooaarrdd in 1973.
FFiinnaanncciiaall
AAccccoouunnttiinngg
FFoouunnddaattiioonn
Selects members of the FASB
Funds their activities
Exercises general oversight.
FFiinnaanncciiaall
AAccccoouunnttiinngg
SSttaannddaarrddss BBooaarrdd
FFiinnaanncciiaall AAccccoouunnttiinngg
SSttaannddaarrddss AAddvviissoorryy
CCoouunncciill
Mission to establish and improve
standards of financial accounting
and reporting.
Consult on major policy issues.
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tthheeiirr rroollee iinn tthhee ssttaannddaarrdd-sseettttiinngg pprroocceessss..
22. CA1-11 (Accounting Pronouncements) Standard setting bodies have issued a
number of authoritative pronouncements. A list is provided on the left, below,
with a description of these pronouncements on the right.
Chapter
1-22
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tthheeiirr rroollee iinn tthhee ssttaannddaarrdd--sseettttiinngg pprroocceessss..
(d)
(f)
(c)
(e)
(a)
(b)
23. The AICPA established the Accounting Standards Executive
Committee (AcSEC):
Audit and Accounting Guides
Statements of Position (SOP)
Practice Bulletins
Chapter
1-23
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AICPA and AcSEC no longer issues authoritative accounting
guidance for public companies.
PCAOB oversees the development of auditing standards.
AICPA continues to develop and grade the CPA examination.
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LLOO 66
tthheeiirr rroollee iinn tthhee ssttaannddaarrdd--sseettttiinngg pprroocceessss..
24. GGGGeeeennnneeeerrrraaaallllllllyyyy AAAAcccccccceeeepppptttteeeedddd AAAAccccccccoooouuuunnnnttttiiiinnnngggg PPPPrrrriiiinnnncccciiiipppplllleeeessss
Those principles that have substantial authoritative
support.
MMaajjoorr ssoouurrcceess ooff GGAAAAPP aarree::
Chapter
1-24
FASB Standards, Interpretations, and Staff Positions
APB Opinions
AICPA Accounting Research Bulletins
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((GGAAAAPP)) aanndd tthhee rroollee ooff tthhee CCooddiiffiiccaattiioonn ffoorr GGAAAAPP..
27. Chapter
1-27
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Standard Setting in a Political Environment
Accounting standards are as much a product of
political action as they are of careful logic or
empirical findings.
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28. SSSSttttaaaannnnddddaaaarrrrdddd SSSSeeeettttttttiinininngggg Illustration 1-6
Accounting Firms
Chapter
1-28
Financial
Community
Financial
Community
Preparers
FFFFAAAASSSSBBBB Preparers
(e.g., FEI)
(e.g., FEI)
Government
(SEC, IRS, other
Government
(SEC, IRS, other
agencies)
agencies)
Industry
Associations
Industry
Associations
BBuussinineessss E Ennttititieiess
CPAs and
CPAs and
Accounting Firms
AAICICPPAA ( (AAccSSEECC))
AAccaaddeemmiciciaiannss
InInvveessttiningg P Puubblilcic
AAccccoouunnttiinngg ssttaannddaarrddss,,
iinntteerrpprreettaattiioonnss,, aanndd bbuulllleettiinnss
User Groups that Influence
Accounting Standards
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30. Chapter
1-30
IIIIssssssssuuuueeeessss iiiinnnn FFFFiiiinnnnaaaannnncccciiiiaaaallll RRRReeeeppppoooorrrrttttiiiinnnngggg
Expectation Gap
What the public thinks accountants should do vs.
what accountants think they can do.
Difficult to close
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002)
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
(PCAOB)
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31. Chapter
1-31
IIIIssssssssuuuueeeessss iiiinnnn FFFFiiiinnnnaaaannnncccciiiiaaaallll RRRReeeeppppoooorrrrttttiiiinnnngggg
International Accounting Standards
Two sets of standards accepted for international use:
U.S. GAAP, issued by the FASB
International Financial Reporting Standards
(IFRS), issued by the IASB
FASB and IASB recognize that
global markets will best be
served if only one set of GAAP
is used.
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32. CA1-9 (GAAP Terminology): With accounting and finance, it
often helps to be fluent in abbreviations and acronyms.
Instructions:
Presented below is a list of common accounting acronyms.
Identify the term for which each acronym stands, and provide
a brief definition of each term.
Chapter
1-32
IIIIssssssssuuuueeeessss iiiinnnn FFFFiiiinnnnaaaannnncccciiiiaaaallll RRRReeeeppppoooorrrrttttiiiinnnngggg
(a) AICPA (e) FAF (i) CPA
(b) CAP (f) FASAC (j) FASB
(c) ARB (g) SOP (k) SEC
(d) APB (h) GAAP (l) IASB
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33. Chapter
1-33
IIIIssssssssuuuueeeessss iiiinnnn FFFFiiiinnnnaaaannnncccciiiiaaaallll RRRReeeeppppoooorrrrttttiiiinnnngggg
Ethics in the Environment of Financial Accounting
In accounting, we frequently encounter ethical
dilemmas.
GAAP does not always provide an answer
Doing the right thing is not always easy or obvious
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34. Diversity in Practice
iGAAP includes the standards, referred to as International
Chapter
1-34
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), developed by the IASB.
Differences between U.S. GAAP and iGAAP exist because of
different user needs.
iGAAP tends to be simpler and less stringent than U.S. GAAP.
Regulators have recently eliminated the need for foreign
companies that trade shares in U.S. markets to reconcile their
accounting with U.S. GAAP.
#4: 1. On the topic, “Challenges Facing Financial Accounting,” what did the AICPA Special Committee on Financial Reporting suggest should be included in future financial statements?
Non-financial Measurements (customer satisfaction indexes, backlog information, and reject rates on goods purchases).
Forward-looking Information
Soft Assets (a company’s know-how, market dominance, marketing setup, well-trained employees, and brand image).
Timeliness (no real time financial information)
#5: Service Cost - Actuaries compute service cost as the present value of the new benefits earned by employees during the year. Future salary levels considered in calculation.
Interest on Liability - Interest accrues each year on the PBO just as it does on any discounted debt.
Actual Return on Plan Assets - Increase in pension funds from interest, dividends, and realized and unrealized changes in the fair market value of the plan assets.
Amortization of Unrecognized Prior Service Cost - The cost of providing retroactive benefits is allocated to pension expense in the future, specifically to the remaining service-years of the affected employees.
Gain or Loss - Volatility in pension expense can be caused by sudden and large changes in the market value of plan assets and by changes in the projected benefit obligation. Two items comprise the gain or loss:
difference between the actual return and the expected return on plan assets and,
amortization of the unrecognized net gain or loss from previous periods
#30: Technical Bulletins provide answers to specific questions related to the application and implementation of FASB Statement or Interpretations, APB Opinions, and ARBs. Technical Bulletins do not alter GAAP; they merely provide guidance on questions related to existing GAAP.